Background Clinical work found that triamcinolone acetonide (TA)bleeding during vitrectomy in proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR),but its mechanism is not clear.Objective This study was to explore the anastalsis of TA in vitrectomy for PDR.Methods A prospective study was performed.Twelve eyes of 12 patients who received vitrectomy combined with the intraocular use of TA for PDR were in cluded in Tianjin Medical University General Hospital from 2011 to 2014 and served as TA group.Thirty-two eyes of 32 patients who underwent vitrectomy for epimacular membrane or macular hole were enrolled as control group.The vitreous specimens of 0.6 ～0.8 ml was collected during the surgery.The concentrations of urokinase plasminogen activator (u-PA),tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitors 1 (PAI-1) in vatreous were measured by ELISA.Results The mean contents u-PA,t-PA and PAI-1 in the vatreous were 25.45,127.44 and 0.42 ng/ml respectively in the TA group,and those the mean contents in the control group were 22.94,142.37 and 0.27 ng/ml respectively,shouwing a significant difference between the TA group and the control group (Z=-2.268,P＜0.05).NO significant difference was found in vitreous t-PA and PAI-1 between TA and control groups (Z =-0.092,-1.847,both at P＞0.05).Conclusions Vitreous u-PA content is increased in PDR eyes,which is more likely to lead bleeding.Anastalsis of TA during vitrectomy for PDR may be relatived to decreasing vitreous t-PA and u-PA contents as well as increasing PAI-1 contents.

OBJECTIVETo study the chemical constituents from the roots of Rehmannia glutinosa.

METHODThe compounds were isolated by various chromatographic methods and identified by spectroscopic analysis.

RESULTTwelve compounds were isolated and their structures were identified as 5-hydroxymethyl-pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde (1), 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (2), tyrosol (3), 5,6-dihydroxy-beta-ionone (4), 6-O-E-feruloyl ajugol (5), acteoside (6), leucosceptoside A (7), martynoside (8), isomartynoside (9), purpureaside C (10), jionoside A1 (11), and jionoside B1 (12).

CONCLUSIONCompounds 1, 3 and 9 were isolated from the genus Rehmannia for the first time.

Objective To study the transport risk and factors that influence deaths of very low birth weight (VLBW) and extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants.Method All infants transferred to our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) by our hospital transport team or local hospital transport team from January 2014 to December 2015 were included in our study.Their clinical data were retrospectively studied.The risks of transport between hospitals were analyzed.The risk factors of deaths within and after 7 days of admission were further analyzed by multivariate Logistic regression analysis.The receiver operation characteristic (ROC) curve was used to assess the sensitivity and specificity of mortality index for neonatal transportation (MINT),transport related mortality score (TREMS),transport risk index of physiologic stability (TRIPS) for predicting mortality of preterm infants.Result (1) A total of 527 cases of ELBW/VLBW infants were included in our study.There were no deaths during transport.There were 10.2％ (54/527) died within and 8.9％ (42/473) died after 7 days of hospitalization.(2) Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that scleredema of newborn,secondary transport,gastrointestinal malformations,metabolic acidosis,high TREMS score,and high MINT score were risk factors of mortality within 7 days of admission for ELBW/VLBW infants;necrotizing enterocolitis,intraventricular hemorrhage ≥ three degree,high MINT score and low admission weight were risk factors of mortality after 7 days of admission.(3) The area under the ROC curve for MINT,TREMS,and TRIPS score were 0.672,0.655 and 0.665,respectively.The cut-off values for MINT score (cut-off 8,sensitivity 0.444,specificity 0.829),for TREMS score (cut-off 2,sensitivity 0.500,specificity 0.757,for TRIPS score (cut-off 20,sensitivity 0.444,specificity O.829) were selected to predict mortality within 7 days of admission.Conclusion (1) Secondary transport is the transport-related risk factor of mortality within 7 days of admission for ELBW/VLBW infants.(2) High MINT score is the risk factor of mortality within and after 7 days of admission.(3) If MINT ≥ 8,TREMS ≥2,or TRIPS ≥20,it might significantly increase the risk of mortality of ELBW/ VLBW infants within 7 days of admission after transport.

Objective:To observe the preventive effects of infliximab in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and to explore its mechanism.Methods:The mice AIH model was established by injecting concanavalin A (Con-A) into the caudal vein. Forty mice were divided into prevention group and control group, with 20 mice in each group. The mice of prevention group were injected intravenously with infliximab (20 mg/kg) one hour before Con-A injection and the mice of control group were administrated with 200 μL phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Serum was collected 3, 8, 12 and 24 h after Con-A/PBS injection. The serum level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was detected by colorimetry. The level of cytokine interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, interferon gamma (IFN-γ), IL-4, IL-17A, IL-10 and chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 10 (CXCL10) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Liver samples were taken 12 h after Con-A/PBS injection for hematoxylin-eosin staining. Liver infiltrated lymphocytes were assessed by flow cytometry. The expression of T-box transcription factor 21 ( TBX21), GATA binding protein 3 ( GATA3), RAR related orphan receptor C ( RORC) and CXCL10 at mRNA level was evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The expression of CXCL10 in liver was detected by Western blotting. Paired t test and one-way analysis of variance were used for statistic analysis. Results:At 8, 12, and 24 h after Con-A injection, the serum ALT level, AST level, IL-1β and IFN-γ of prevention group were all lower than those of control group ((545.8±190.3) U/L vs. (865.8±237.7) U/L, (947.6±267.9) U/L vs. (1 448.0±403.5) U/L, (508.6±131.1) U/L vs. (976.6±207.6) U/L; (620.7±132.0) U/L vs. (952.9±106.8) U/L, (801.6±212.0) U/L vs. (1 424.8±236.0) U/L, (632.1±117.8) U/L vs. (1 008.3±187.5) U/L; (31.38±10.12) ng/L vs. (48.12±11.53) ng/L, (39.34±11.40) ng/L vs. (60.00±14.17) ng/L, (29.49±8.22) ng/L vs. (46.89±5.50) ng/L; and (432.93±66.82) ng/L vs. (674.66±97.88) ng/L, (655.09±169.17) ng/L vs. (937.90±166.36) ng/L, (263.40±54.97) ng/L vs. (410.74±86.64) ng/L), and the differences were statistically significant ( t = 2.350, 2.308, 4.263, 4.374, 4.860, 3.806, 2.440, 2.541, 3.939, 4.560, 2.660 and 3.210; all P<0.05). The serum IL-6 levels 3, 8, 12 and 24 h after Con-A injection of prevention group were all lower than those of control group ((1 075.79±303.77) ng/L vs. (1 914.48±317.80) ng/L, (1 945.97±271.85) ng/L vs. (2 100.80±378.42) ng/L, (1 578.60±504.54) ng/L vs. (2 525.40±406.55) ng/L, (1 020.64±280.03) ng/L vs. (1 582.00±311.96) ng/L), and the differences were statistically significant ( t=4.266, 2.903, 3.267 and 2.994; all P < 0.05). At 3 h after Con-A injection, serum CXCL10 level and CXCL10 mRNA expression in liver tissues of prevention group were both lower than those of control group ((1 755.8±148.1) ng/L vs. (2 102.0±334.0) ng/L and 7.20±3.00 vs. 27.60±1.90), and the differences were statistically significant ( t=2.356 and 2.623, both P<0.05). At 3 and 8 h after Con-A injection, T- bet expression at mRNA level in liver tissues of prevention group was lower than that of control group (6.94±2.29 vs. 15.20±3.48 and 9.38±3.48 vs. 18.17±4.48), and the differences were both statistically significant ( t = 4.427 and 3.673, both P<0.05). However, 3, 8, 12 and 24 h after Con-A injection, there were no statistically significant differences in serum IL-4, IL-17A, IL-10, or GATA3 or RORC expression at mRNA level between prevention group and control group (all P > 0.05). Conclusions:Infliximab has certain preventive effects in mice AIH model, which may be achieved by antagonizing TNF-α and decreasing the expression of CXCL10 in liver, reducing the infiltration of T-helper 1 cells and CD8 + T cells into liver, and by reducing T lymphocyte activation induced by inflammatory cytokines thus alleviating the damage of T lymphocytes to hepatocytes.

Objective To investigate the clinical and imaging characteristics of phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor and improve the clinical diagnosis. Methods From November 2014 to September 2017, 22 patients with pathologically confirmed diagnosis as phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor (PMT) were retrospectively analyzed, including 12 males and 10 females, age ranged from 30-72 years, mean (47 ± 11) years old. The clinical data, laboratory tests [serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, parathyroid hormone and 1, 25- (OH) 2 D] and imaging examinations (X-ray, CT, MRI, nuclide) were collected and explored. Sixteen patients underwent SPECT scan and seven underwent PET/CT scan. Twenty patients had X-ray, eighteen patients had CT and 12 patients had MRI with enhancement. Results All patients suffered from diffuse pain for one to fifteen years, especially in lower back and lower extremities. All patients were found with low serum phosphorus, normal serum calcium. Twenty-one patients were found with elevated alkaline phosphatase, 16 with increased parathyroid hormone and 15 with decreased 1, 25 - (OH) 2 D. Thirteen lesions were located in the medullary cavity, seven in the soft tissue and two in the sinuses. Nineteen cases showed varying degrees of trabecular bone sparse, osteoporosis and osteomalacia on X-ray;There were 15 cases of multiple pseudo-fractures, including four cases of pelvic fracture complicated with femoral fracture, six cases of single fracture of pelvis, four cases of femur and one case of fibula. And seven cases showed multiple vertebral compression fractures. Thirteen lesions showed soft-tissue density and four in the medullary cavity showed high density on CT scan. The lesions presented low signal intensity on T1WI,high or low signal intensity on T2WI FLAIR and obviously enhanced in 12 patients who underwent MRI enhancement. Conclusion For patients with decreased serum phosphorus, elevated alkaline phosphatase, bone softening and fracture, octreotide or other nuclides should be primary imaging modality for confirming the location of the lesion. CT and MRI can further evaluate the nature of the lesion and improve diagnostic accuracy.

Numerical simulation is a powerful technology for photoacoustic imaging (PAI) in both theory studies and practical applications. In this paper, a simulation platform for PAI was designed and implemented based on Matlab. The simulation platform utilized finite element method (FEM) and -space pseudospectral method to calculate the forward and inverse problem of PAI. And a graphical user interface (GUI) was realized. Structural design, work process and other operating details of the platform was also provided. By compared with theoretical temporal waveform of photoacoustic signal and reconstruction results of COMSOL, the validity and reliability was verified. And a reliable simulation tool was proposed for PAI.
Algorithms ; Computer Simulation ; Finite Element Analysis ; Photoacoustic Techniques ; Reproducibility of Results

Objective:To observe the level of microparticles in the vitreous of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), and preliminarily explore the role of microparticles in the pathogenesis of PDR.Methods:A case control study. From January to December 2018, 54 cases of 54 eyes of PDR patients (PDR group) and 20 cases of non-diabetic retinopathy patients (control group), who were diagnosed and treated with vitrectomy (PPV) in the Department of Ophthalmology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital vitreous samples were included in the study. Among 54 eyes in the PDR group, there were 42, 21, and 17 eyes with vitreous hemorrhage (VH), traction retinal detachment (TRD), and previous intravitreal injection of drugs, respectively. Among the 20 eyes of the control group, idiopathic macular hole, idiopathic anterior macular membrane, vitreous macular traction syndrome, and complete lens dislocation were 6, 6, 2, and 6 eyes, respectively. The PDR group was divided into uncombined TRD group and combined TRD group according to PDR stage and whether TRD occurred, with 33 and 21 eyes, respectively. According to the presence or absence of VH, they were divided into groups with VH and without VH, with 42 eyes and 12 eyes, respectively. According to whether anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs were injected into the intravitreal cavity 3 days before PPV, they were divided into anti-VEGF drug group and no anti-VEGF drug group, with 17 eyes and 37 eyes respectively. The levels of retinal photoreceptor cells (RMP), platelets (PMP), endothelial cells (EMP) and phosphatidylserine (PS-MP) expressing on the membrane surface in the sample were detected by flow cytometry. The comparison between the two groups of samples was performed by t test, and the comparison between multiple groups of samples was performed by one-way analysis of variance or Mann-Whitney test. Results:Compared with the control group, the vitreous RMP level of the PDR group was significantly decreased, and the EMP and PMP levels were significantly increased. The differences were statistically significant ( t=-2.361, 5.064, 3.531; P=0.018, <0.001, 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in PS-MP levels between the two groups ( t=-1.617, P=0.110). Compared with the TRD group, the levels of RMP and PMP in the vitreous of the TRD group were significantly increased, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=-2.221, -2.098; P=0.031, 0.041). The level of EMP in the vitreous body of the anti-VEGF drug group was significantly lower than that of the non-anti-VEGF drug group, however, it was still higher than the control group. The difference was statistically significant ( Z=-2.430, -2.499; P=0.015, 0.012). The level of PMP in the vitreous body of the eye without VH was significantly higher than that in the group with VH, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=-3.097, P=0.003). Conclusions:The elevated levels of EMP and PMP in the vitreous of PDR patients may be related to the damage of retinal capillaries; intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF drugs before surgery can reduce the level of EMP. VH may be related to the procoagulant effect of PMP.

Objective:To study the clinical features and treatment strategy of neonatal ureaplasma meningitis.Methods:During 2021, the clinical data of 2 neonates with ureaplasma meningitis treated in Children's Hospital of Hunan Province were retrospectively analyzed. Literature on this subject were searched in the following databases: CNKI, Wanfang Database, Chinese Medical Journal Full-Text Database, CQVIP database, SinoMed, PubMed, Embase and Web of Science (up to March 2022). The key words included “infant”, “neonate”, “newborn”, “ureaplasma”, “mycoplasma urealytium”, “meningitis”, “central nervous system infection”, “brain”. The clinical data, treatment and prognosis of patients from the literature were summarized.Results:Case 1, female, gestational age(GA) 33 +3 weeks, intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) and ventricular dilatation were found on 2 d after birth. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) routine and biochemistry tests indicated meningitis, but the CSF culture was negative. No improvement after antibiotic treatment. CSF metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) and 23S rRNA showed Ureaplasma urealyticum on 30 d after birth. The patient was treated with doxycycline (DOX) for 21 d until mNGS turned negative and DOX was discontinued. However, the disease recurred 23 d later and erythromycin was added with DOX as combined therapy. The patient was followed up until 6 months without neurodevelopmental disabilities. Case 2, male, GA 26 weeks, ICH and ventricular dilatation were found on 10 d after birth. The CSF routine and biochemistry tests indicated meningitis, but the CSF culture was negative. No improvement after antibiotic treatment. CSF mNGS and 23S rRNA showed Ureaplasma parvum. The patient received erythromycin therapy for 32 d and had normal neurodevelopment at 5 months. According to the literature, 43 cases were reported including the 2 cases descirbed above, 17 cases were full-term infants and 26 cases were preterm infants. The median CSF leukocytes, glucose and proteins were 566 cells/mm 3, 0.2 mmol/L and 2.2 g/L. 27 cases were diagnosed based on CSF culture, 6 cases using mNGS, 4 cases with both CSF culture and PCR method and 6 cases with other methods. Macrolides alone were used in 14 cases, macrolides combined with another antibiotic were used in 8 cases, non-macrolide antibiotics were used in 9 cases and 12 cases didn't receive any anti-ureaplasma therapy. All 17 term infants survived, however, 8 cases with hydrocephalus. Among the 26 preterm infants, 8 patients died, 18 patients had periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage and 15 patients had hydrocephalus. Conclusions:Neonatal ureaplasma meningitis has significantly lower CSF glucose level with hydrocephalus as the common complication. For intracranial infections of unknown etiology and no response to treatment, mNGS is helpful in determining the pathogen.Neonatal ureaplasma meningitis should be treated with macrolides alone or as add-on therapy.

Objectives:To compare the efficacy of transcatheter aortic valve replacement(TAVR)combined with percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI)versus surgical aortic valve replacement(SAVR)combined with coronary artery bypass grafting(CABG)in patients with intermediate or high risk severe aortic stenosis(AS)and coronary artery disease(CAD). Methods:Embase,Medline,the Cochrane Library,PubMed,VIP,Wanfang Database,CNKI were searched for studies comparing the efficacy of TAVR combined with PCI and SAVR combined with CABG in patients with intermediate or high risk severe aortic stenosis complicated with CAD,from the establishment of the database to July 4,2023. Results:Six studies were included,including one randomized controlled study and five observational cohort studies.A total of 2 137 patients were enrolled,including 833 in the TAVR+PCI group and 1 304 in the SAVR+CABG group.The results of the meta-analysis showed that compared with SAVR+CABG,TAVR+PCI did not significantly increase the risk of myocardial infarction(OR=0.65,95%CI:0.28-1.46,P=0.29),stroke(OR=0.81,95%CI:0.45-1.48,P=0.50)within 30 days and the risk of acute kidney injury(OR=0.38,95%CI:0.14-1.02,P=0.05),major bleeding(OR=0.66,95%CI:0.22-2.00,P=0.47)during follow-up,and significantly reduced all-cause mortality within 30 days(OR=0.66,95%CI:0.44-0.99,P=0.04),but significantly increased all-cause mortality(OR=1.47,95%CI:1.12-1.93,P=0.005)and vascular complications(OR=11.48,95%CI:2.69-48.94,P=0.001),pacemaker implantation(OR=3.09,95%CI:1.68-5.68,P<0.001)during long-term(≥2 years)follow-up. Conclusions:In patients with intermediate or high risk severe AS and CAD,compared with SAVR+CABG,TAVR+PCI significantly reduced the risk of all-cause mortality within 30 days,but significantly increased the risk of all-cause mortality,vascular complications,and pacemaker implantation during long-term follow-up.

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a complication of ocular trauma, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD), and also a common cause of RRD repair surgery failure.Abnormal proliferation, migration and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells play a leading role in the formation of PVR epiretinal membrane.Rapamycin is the specific inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). It selectively binds to the cell protein FKBP-12 and directly binds to the FKBP12-rapamycin domain (FRB) of FKBP rapamycin associated protein (FRAP) to inhibit mTOR activity.Rapamycin has a variety of rapalog (rapamycin analog), which inhibits cell proliferation and regulate cell cycle by inhibiting mTOR signal transduction pathway.It also plays a certain role in inhibiting RPE cell abnormal proliferation, migration and EMT in PVR, and protecting the repair of glial cells, inhibiting the inflammatory cells and preventing the vascular endothelial cell damage.In recent years, the clinical trials and drug studies have shown the important role of rapamycin in ocular diseases.In addition, the evidence on ocular administrations and drug safety of rapamycin has been gradually accumulated.This article reviewed the protective effects and safety of rapamycin on RPE cells and other cells in PVR.