Objective To investigate the expressions of matrix metalloproteinases(MMPs) in Kashin-Beck disease(KBD) cartilage as well as in a KBD rat model of T-2 toxin poisoning under selenium deficient conditions, and to investigate the effect of T-2 toxin on MMP-13 expression in human chondrocytes in vitro in order to determine a possible mechanism underlying KBD. Methods Samples of articular cartilage were divided into 2 groups:controls(samples from 5 normal children, traffic accident or operation), and KBD(samples from 5 children with KBD, auctopsy). Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups by body weight using random number table: normal diet group(n = 16) and selenium-deficient diet group(n=16). The selenium level in normal diet was 101.500μg/kg, and in selenium-deficient diet was 1.118μg/kg. Rats were fed for 4 weeks with selenium-deficient or normal diet, respectively. After successful build up of the low selenium rat model, normal diet group was then subdivided into 2 sub-groups: normal group(n = 8) and normal diet plus low T-2 toxin group(n = 8);and selenium-deficient diet group was also subdivided into 2 sub-groups: selenium-deficient group ( n = 8 ) and selenium-deficient diet plus T-2 toxin group ( n = 8 ) . T-2 toxin of 100 μg·kg-1·d-1 was administered by intragastric administration for 30 days. Then the rats were sacrificed, and their knee joints were processed for histopathological evaluation. MMP-1 and MMP-13 locations in cartilages were performed by inmmunohistochemistry. Human chondrocytes C28/I2 were cultured in vitro. The experiment was divided into 4 groups: empty vector plasmid group, MMP-13 promoter plasmid group, MMP-13 promoter plasmid plus 20 μg/L T-2 toxin group and MMP-13 promoter plasmid plus 40 μg/L T-2 toxin group. MMP-13-luciferase reporter plasmid and vector plasmid were transiently transfected into C28/I2 cells for 24 hours, and then treated with 20 - 40 μg/L T-2 toxin for 24 hours. Transactivation of human MMP-13 promoter was analyzed using luciferase reporter constructs containing sequences spanning-1602 to+20 bp in C28/I2 chondrocytes. Results The percentages of chondrocytes staining for MMP-1 in the superficial and middle zones of KBD samples [(29.73 ± 10.12)%, (28.27 ± 0.91)%] were significantly higher than those of controls[(2.47 ± 0.11)%, (0.00 ± 0.00)%, all P < 0.05]. The percentages of chondrocytes staining for MMP-13 in the superficial and middle zones of KBD samples [(13.21 ± 4.32)%, (41.85 ± 6.32)%] were significantly higher than those of controls[(5.72 ± 0.31)%, (0.00 ± 0.00)%, all P<0.05]. The percentages of chondrocytes staining for MMP-13 in the superficial and middle zones of rats fed with selenium-deficient diet plus T-2 toxin group[(13.21 ± 4.32)%, (61.85 ± 8.68)%] were significantly higher than those of the normal and selenium-deficient groups[(2.43 ± 0.22)%, (5.89 ± 0.69)%, (3.03 ± 0.29)%, (25.99 ± 0.57)%, all P < 0.05]. Moreover, T-2 toxin activated the MMP-13 promoter detected with luciferase reporter assays in C28/I2 cells. The luciferase activities in MMP-13 promoter plasmid plus 20 μg/L T-2 toxin group and MMP-13 promoter plasmid plus 40μg/L T-2 toxin group(0.082 78 ± 0.008 40, 0.103 35 ± 0.013 19) were significantly higher than those in empty vector plasmid group and MMP-13 promoter plasmid group(0.024 19 ± 0.000 96, 0.040 32 ± 0.003 56, all P < 0.05). Conclusions These data suggest that T-2 toxin induces cartilage matrix degradation through up-regulation of MMP-13 promoter expression. Increased MMPs staining intensity in KBD cartilage and the rat KBD model of T-2 toxin poisoning under selenium deficient conditions suggest that matrix degradation appear to be driven by MMPs activity.

Objective To observe the clinical efficacy of needling the three trembling points plus rehabilitation and taking levodopaand benserazide hydrochlo-ride.Method Ninety-three patients with early Parkinson's disease were randomized into group A of 32 cases, group B of 30 cases, and group C of 31 cases. Group A was intervened by needling the three trembling points plus rehabilitation and taking levodopaand benserazide hydrochlo-ride, group B by rehabilitation and taking levodopaand benserazide hydrochlo-ride, while group C by taking levodopaand benserazide hydrochlo-ride. UPDRSⅢ scores and Berg balance scale (BBS) scores were observed.Result After intervention, UPDRSⅢ scores and BBS scores were significantly changed in all groups (P<0.05). UPDRSⅢ scores of group A were markedly different form that of group B and C (P<0.05). BBS scores of group A and B were markedly different form that of group C (P<0.05).Conclusion Needling the three trembling points plus rehabilitation and taking levodopaand benserazide hydrochlo-ride can improve motor function and equilibrium function in the early Parkinson's disease patients.

Objective To explore the impact of early repetitive painful procedures on subsequent pain behaviors and physiological indicators in full-term infants.Methods Sixty-two full-term neonates were enrolled (male 36 cases,female 26 cases) from the medical center of neonatal care at Nanjing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University from March to May in 2009.The data of all painful procedures were performed on those neonates and their responses to them were collected by using digital video recording were collected.The Neonatal Facial Coding System C(NFCS) and Neonatal Infant Pain Scale(NIPS) were used prospectively to evaluate the pain response to painful procedures.Results The average experience of pain caused by operation on newborn at the hospital was 56.5 times (12-249 times),and the daily average was 5.9 times (4-26 times).After they were exposed to more than 10 repetitive pain procedures,the full-term neonates showed the declining pain response assessed by NFCS and NIPS during the subsequent painful procedures (NFCS:P10=0.012,P20=0.015,P30=0.041;NIPS:P10=0.006,P20=0.015,P30=0.049),and the temporarily enhanced pain response was observed in the preparation phase of the subsequent painful procedures (NFCS:P2＜0.001,P3＜0.001,P4=0.004,P5=0.009;NIPS:P2＜0.001,P3＜0.001,P4=0.045,P5 =0.031).Bnt there was no difference in preparation phase.There was no alternation in latency and crying time after repetitiing painful procedures,but the proportion of crying neonates in the preparation phase of the painful procedures was increased(P=0.032).Conclusions After exposed to repetitive pain,full-term neonates expressed hypoalgesia during subsequent painful procedures,but the temporary irritation was enhanced during the following phases exposed to stress.

Objective To analyze the performance of colposcopy and investigate the diagnosis and treatment characteristics of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) diagnosed by cervical tissue sampling in post-menopausal women. Methods A retrospective study was performed on 1 449 patients with HSIL diagnosed by cervical tissue sampling under colposcopy and treated by loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) or extrafascial hysterectomy as the primary therapy at the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, from November 2015 to October 2017. In order to investigate the diagnosis and treatment of HSIL in post-menopausal women, a case-control study was conducted to compare the difference in performance of colposcopy and treatment modality between 213 post-menopausal patients (14.7%, 213/1 449) and 1 236 pre-menopausal patients (85.3%, 1 236/1 449). Results (1)The proportion of cases pathologically upgraded to cervical cancer was significantly greater in post-menopausal patients (9.4%, 20/213) compared with pre-menopausal patients (3.8%, 47/1 236; P<0.05). (2) The proportion of ≥HSIL diagnosed by colposcopy showed no significant difference between post-menopausal patients (76.1%, 162/213) and pre-menopausal patients (78.2%, 967/1 236; P=0.479). The proportion of typeⅢtransformation zone (TZ) was significantly greater in post-menopausal patients (91.1%, 194/213) compared with pre-menopausal patients (59.1%, 731/1 236; P<0.05). The rate of missed diagnosis of cervical cancer was significantly higher in typeⅢTZ (6.4%, 59/925) compared with typeⅠand(or)ⅡTZ (1.5%, 8/524; P<0.05). The proportion of HSIL detected by endocervical curettage alone was greater in post-menopausal patients (9.9%, 21/213) compared with pre-menopausal patients (2.6%, 32/1 236; P<0.05). (3)Initial treatment with LEEP: the positive rate of endocervical margin was significantly greater in post-menopausal patients (20.5%, 36/176) compared with pre-menopausal patients (10.5%, 130/1 236;P<0.05); in patients who were diagnosed as HSIL after LEEP, the positive rate of endocervical margin and the residual rate were both greater in post-menopausal patients compared with pre-menopausal patients [15.4% (25/162) versus 8.8% (105/1 189), P=0.008; 52.0% (13/25) versus 26.7% (28/105), P=0.014]. (4)Thirty-seven post-menopausal patients were treated by extrafascial hysterectomy as the primary therapy, 5 cases (13.5%, 5/37) were diagnosed as cervical cancer (stage Ⅰa1) after the surgery. Conclusions (1) The lesions of HSIL in post-menopausal patients still have definite features under colposcopy as same as pre-menopausal patients. Endocervical curettage could help detect more HSIL in post-menopausal patients. Compared with pre-menopausal patients, post-menopausal HSIL patients have an increased risk of cervical cancer and are more likely missed by cervical tissue sampling. (2) LEEP has the dual effects of diagnosis and treatment, and is still the recommended treatment for post-menopausal HSIL patients. However, the increase in positive rate of endocervical margin and residual rate requires further active intervention. (3) Considering those post-menopausal HSIL patients who cannot accept conization as the initial treatment, the selection of hysterectomy type requires more thorough study.

Tumor-related diarrhea is a rare cause of chronic diarrhea in children, which is usually one of the clinical manifestations of specific functional syndrome of neuroendocrine neoplasms.Diarrhea may appear as the initial symptom or accompany symptom of disease progression, and it is generally relieved or cured after surgical resection.The present review mainly introduces several common neuroendocrine neoplasms which cause chronic diarrhea in children, and summarizes their different diarrhea features and mechanisms, as well as key points in diagnosis and treatment, in order to improve the rate of early diagnosis and prognosis of children.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) refers to a common complex disease characterized by progressive and incomplete reversible airflow limitation.COPD is one of the leading causes on morbidity and mortality in China.Genetic risk factors play important roles on the occurrence of COPD.However,the genetic risk factors of COPD remain unknown,to some extent.The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview on literature concerning the most promising findings related to genetic risk factors of COPD.

Objective:To explore the influencing factors of drug application deviation in elderly diabetes mellitus patients during hospital-family transition period.Methods:A total of 278 elderly diabetes mellitus patients in Henan Provincial People's Hospital from March 2019 to March 2021 were selected as the study subjects.All patients were followed up by telephone 1 week after discharge.The drug deviation evaluation tool(MDT)was used to evaluate the drug application deviation in patients during the hospital-family transition period.They were divided into drug application deviation group and non-drug application deviation group.Sociodemographic and disease-related data and medication management data were compared between the two groups.Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of drug application deviation in elderly patients with diabetes mellitus during hospital-family transition period.Results:Of the 278 elderly patients with diabetes, 162(58.27%)had at least one drug application deviation during hospital-family transition period.The family care index was lower in drug application deviation group than non-drug application deviation group( Z=6.578, P<0.001).As compared with non-drug application deviation group, drug application deviation group had the higher number of drugs at discharge, and had lower scores of Morisky Medication Adherence Scale with Eight-Item(MMAS-8), had lower scores of Summary of Diabetes Self Care Activities(SDSCA)and had lower scores of Self-efficacy for Appropriate Medication Use Scale(SEAMS), with statistically significant differences( Z=10.971, 6.077, t=5.947, 14.105, all P<0.001).Binary Logistic regression analysis and forest map showed that the more number of discharge medication was a risk factor for drug application deviation during hospital-family transition period in elderly patients with diabetes mellitus( OR=4.128, P<0.001); family care index, MMAS-8 score, SDSCA score and SEAMS score were its protective factors( OR=0.343, 0.523, 0.922, 0.568, all P<0.05). Conclusions:The incidence of drug application deviation during hospital-family transition period is higher in elderly patients with diabetes mellitus.The possible protective factors are high scores of family care index, MMAS-8, SDSCA and SEAMS, and the risk factor is large number of drugs ordered by discharged doctors.Therefore, targeted intervention measures can be implemented to reduce the occurrence of drug application deviation during hospital-family transition period.

OBJECTIVE: To exploit material decomposition analysis in dual-energy spectral computed tomography (CT) to assess the blood supply status of the ground-glass opacity (GGO) in lungs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included 48 patients with lung adenocarcinoma, who underwent a contrast-enhanced dual-energy spectral CT scan before treatment (53 GGOs in total). The iodine concentration (IC) and water content (WC) of the GGO, the contralateral and ipsilateral normal lung tissues were measured in the arterial phase (AP) and their differences were analyzed. IC, normalized IC (NIC), and WC values were compared between the pure ground-glass opacity (pGGO) and the mixed ground-glass opacity (mGGO), and between the group of preinvasive lesions and the minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (MIA) and invasive adenocarcinoma (IA) groups. RESULTS: The values of pGGO (IC = 20.9 ± 6.2 mg/mL and WC = 345.1 ± 87.1 mg/mL) and mGGO (IC = 23.8 ± 8.3 mg/mL and WC = 606.8 ± 124.5 mg/mL) in the AP were significantly higher than those of the contralateral normal lung tissues (IC = 15.0 ± 4.9 mg/mL and WC = 156.4 ± 36.8 mg/mL; IC = 16.2 ± 5.7 mg/mL and WC = 169.4 ± 41.0 mg/mL) and ipsilateral normal lung tissues (IC = 15.1 ± 6.2 mg/mL and WC = 156.3 ± 38.8 mg/mL; IC = 15.9 ± 6.0 mg/mL and WC = 174.7 ± 39.2 mg/mL; all p < 0.001). After normalizing the data according to the values of the artery, pGGO (NIC = 0.1 and WC = 345.1 ± 87.1 mg/mL) and mGGO (NIC = 0.2 and WC = 606.8 ± 124.5 mg/mL) were statistically different (p = 0.049 and p < 0.001, respectively), but not for the IC value (p = 0.161). The WC values of the group with preinvasive lesions and MIA (345.4 ± 96.1 mg/mL) and IA (550.1 ± 158.2 mg/mL) were statistically different (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Using dual-energy spectral CT and material decomposition analysis, the IC in GGO can be quantitatively measured which can be an indicator of the blood supply status in the GGO.
Adenocarcinoma ; Arteries ; Humans ; Iodine ; Lung ; Multidetector Computed Tomography ; Retrospective Studies ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Water

Objective:To evaluate the effect of propofol on parvalbumin (PV) neurons in the medical prefrontal cortex(mPFC)of rats with social behavior disorders induced by chronic sleep deprivation.Methods:Forty-two SPF male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 8 weeks, weighing 200-250 g, were divided into 3 groups ( n=14 each) using a random number table method: control group (group Con), chronic sleep deprivation plus natural sleep group (group CSD+ NS), and chronic sleep deprivation plus propofol group (group CSD+ Pro). Sleep deprivation model was established by the modified multiple platform method, the rats were placed in the sleep-deprivation tank for 20 h a day (14: 00-10: 00), and allowed to sleep naturally for 4 h (10: 00-14: 00) a day for 28 consecutive days. Propofol 40 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected for 28 consecutive days after sleep deprivation in CSD+ Pro group. While the equal volume of 10% fat emulsion was given in Con and CSD+ NS groups. After the end of sleep deprivation, a three-box social experiment was used to detect the social behavior of rats, and the number of the PV positive cells and density of the perineuronal network (PNN) in the mPFC area were measured by immunofluorescence. Results:Compared with group Con, the pertentage of rapid eye movement sleep and sniffing time preference coefficients for the strange rat 1 in the first stage and for the strange rat 2 in the second stage were significantly decreased, and the number of the PV positive cells and density of PNN in the mPFC area were decreased in group CSD+ NS ( P<0.05). Compared with group CSD+ NS, the sniffing time preference coefficients for the strange rat 1 in the first stage and for the strange rat 2 in the second stage were significantly increased, the number of the PV positive cells and density of PNN in the mPFC area were increased( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in the percentage of the rapid eye movement sleep in group CSD+ Pro. Conclusions:Propofol probably increases the number and function of PV neurons in the mPFC and ameliorates sleep deprivation-induced social behavior disorders in sleep-deprived rats.

Sleep is a complex physiological process of great significance to physical and mental health, and its research scope involves multiple disciplines. At present, the quantitative analysis of sleep mainly relies on the "gold standard" of polysomnography (PSG). However, PSG has great interference to the human body and cannot reflect the hemodynamic status of the brain. Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is used in sleep research, which can not only meet the demand of low interference to human body, but also reflect the hemodynamics of brain. Therefore, this paper has collected and sorted out the related literatures about fNIRS used in sleep research, concluding sleep staging research, clinical sleep monitoring research, fatigue detection research, etc. This paper provides a theoretical reference for scholars who will use fNIRS for fatigue and sleep related research in the future. Moreover, this article concludes the limitation of existing studies and points out the possible development direction of fNIRS for sleep research, in the hope of providing reference for the study of sleep and cerebral hemodynamics.
Brain/diagnostic imaging* ; Hemodynamics ; Humans ; Polysomnography ; Sleep ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared