In recent years,more and more attention has been attached on diabetic cognitive dysfunction. The clinical manifestations are decreased visual spatial ability,executive function,mental activity and abstract logical reasoning. Diabetic cognitive dysfunction is irreversible. Therefore,timely and accurate assessment and diagnosis,early detection and early intervention to delay the progression of the disease are particularly critical. Cognitive assessment scale is particularly important in the screening of diabetic cognitive dysfunction. At present,there are many types of clinical evaluation scales. The application of screening scale in diabetic cognitive dysfunction is reviewed in this paper.

Problem-based learning (PBL) is a teaching method which is tutor-guided,student-centered,learning in the procedure of solving problem and solving problem in the procedure of learning.Compared with traditional teaching methods,PBL has advantages in culturing the ability of the students,improving the ability of analyzing and solving problem and combining multiple disciplines and it plays an important role in culturing applicable and innovative talents.Attention should be paid to teacher training,learner supervision,strict selection of curriculum and supplement of extra relevant courses.Furthermore,the characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine must be highlighted so as to achieve the best teaching effects.

ObjectiveTo observe the changes of monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B), interleukin-6(IL-6) in the cortex and hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease model mice and the effect of traditional Chinese medicine Naofucong.MethodsAlzheimer's disease model was induced in mice by β-amyloid(Aβ)25-35 icv. Space learning and memorial ability was tested in Morris water maze. The activity of MAO-B was measured by colorimetric method. IL-6 was observed with the immnuohistochemical stain.ResultsMice in the model group presented longer latent periods of Morris water maze(81.3±13.4)s, higher activities of MAO-B in brain cortex and hippocampus (120.12±10.15,83.60±5.29) compare with that of the control group, which was (34.2±10.9)s,(93.09±10.54) and (50.39±9.16)(P<0.05～0.01).There were many IL-6 positive cell in dentate gyrus of hippocampus of the model group. After administration with Naofucong grain, latent periods (43.7±12.7) s and activities of MAO-B (47.11 ± 6.57)in hippocampus were recovered(P<0.05～0.01), and the IL-6 positive cell in dentate gyrus decreased.ConclusionNaofucong grain can antagonize the Aβ25-35 toxicity by decreasing the overactivition of MAO-B and the excretion of inflammatory medium by microglia, as well as improve the memory function.

ObjectiveTo observe effects of Naofucong grain on learning and memory in cerebral ischemic mice, and identify the mechanisms on N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor.MethodsExperimental dementia mice were induced by ischemia reperfusion injury, and treated with Naofucong grain or Dangguishaoyao powder (positive control medicine). Learning and memory were tested in the Morris water maze. Activities of NMDA receptor in brain cortex and hippocampus were detected ResultsIncubation periods of mice treated with Naofucong grain were significantly shorter than that of ischemic model mice (P<0.01) Activities of NMDA receptor in brain cortex and hippocampus showed no difference between Naofucong grain treated mice and normal mice (P>0.05)Activities of NMDA receptor in brain cortex and hippocampus in Naofucong grain treated mice were significantly lower than that in ischemic model mice(P<0.01) ConclusionThe improvement of Naofucong grain in the memory and learning in cerebral ischemic mice may be related to the inhibition of the activity of NMDA receptor.

ObjectiveTo examine effects of traditional Chinese herbs Naofucong grain on PC12 cells injured by H2O2 in vitro MethodsRats random divided into 2 groups: Naofucong grain treating group (administered with Naofucong grain) and control group (administered with distilled water) After 3 days administration, serums were obtained and added to cultured PC12 cells which were under different concentrations of H2O2 Morphological examinations in PC12 cells were detected by MTT measurement ResultsMTT measurement showed that Naofucong grain administered rats serums significantly increased the survival number of PC12 cells in different concentrations of H2O2.Conclusion Naofucong grain may have obvious protective effects on PC12 cells injured by H2O2.

ObjectiveTo observe the changes of neurogenesis in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's model mice and the effect of traditional Chinese medicine Nao Fu Cong. MethodsAlzheimer's type dementia of mice was induced by Aβ25-35 icv.Space learning and memorial ability were tested with Morris Water Maze.The activity of NMDA and M receptor were measured with radio-ligand of MK-801 and QNB.Neurogenesis was observed with the BrdU immunohitochemistry.ResultsSpace learning and memorial ability significantly decreased(P<0.05),MK-801 binding increased and QNB binding decreased (P<0.001),BrdU positive cells decreased in hippocampus(P<0.05).After given drugs for 2 weeks,the mentioned changes were improved significantly(P<0.05,P<0.001,P<0.05).ConclusionsThe toxic effect of Aβ25-35 was involved with the inhibitory action of neurogenesis.Promoting the neurogenesis may be one of the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine to treat the neurodegenerative diseases.