Tic disorders(TD)are a group of childhood-onset neuropsychiatric conditions.Due to sudden, aimless, rapid muscle contraction, patients with TD often have different forms of tic such as blinking, frown, shoulder shaking and voice clearing, which seriously affect their quality of life.However, the etiology of TD has not yet been clear, hence the aim of patients management is targeted to symptom relief until now.In fact, many studies have found that the pathogenesis of TD could be a combined effect of multiple factors, including genetic, immunological, psychological and environmental variables.Here, we reviews the results of recent studies on the etiology of TD, hoping to provide new ideas and directions for the etiological research on TD.

Objective To investigate the clinical outcome of single kidney transplantation from pediatric donors and to explore the application criteria.Methods The clinical data of 14 recipients undergoing renal transplantation from October 2006 to October 2016 were retrospectively analyzed.All the recipients received primary kidney transplantation from pediatric donor and the renal artery was anastomosed with external iliac artery.Based on the length of the kidney donor,the recipients were divided into two groups as group A (length beyond 6 cm) and group B (length 5-6 cm).The clinical effect and complications of the 14 recipients,the survival of the recipients and grafts,the recovery of renal function,the change of the renal length and the postoperative complications were compared between the two groups.Results The renal length in group A (n =7) was (7.5 ± 1.2) cm,and (5.7 ± 0.1) cm in group B (n =7).During the follow up period,all renal grafts and recipients survived.No significant difference was observed between two groups in renal graft function evaluated by serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) at 7th day,14th day,1st,2nd,3rd and 6th month postoperatively,P＞0.05.The length of transplanted kidney increased after operation in both groups,with results of 9.9 ± 0.6 cm in group A and 10.4 ± 1.5 cm in group B (P＞0.05),respectively,at 2nd month post-transplantation.Delayed graft function (DGF) occurred in 2 cases of group A and 1 case of group B.Seven cases developed proteinuria (50.0％),including 2 cases in group A (28.6％) and 5 cases in group B (71.4％).Four cases suffered hematuria (28.6％),including 2 cases in group A (28.6％) and 2 cases in group B (28.6％).One recipient in group B suffered acute rejection.No vascular embolization,urine leakage,pulmonary infection and other complications were observed in all the recipients.Conclusion The length beyond 5 cm is acceptable for single pediatric kidney donor for adult recipients with a promising clinical outcome in short-term.However,the high incidence of proteinuria and hematuria remains obstacle,and the long-term outcome needs further exploration.

ObjectiveTo investigate the key compounds affecting the irritation and to clarify the effect of heating and the addition of ginger juice as the auxiliary material during the processing on the irritation of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex（MOC） by comparing the irritation and composition of volatile oil in MOC and its different processed products. MethodVolatile oil in raw products， water-processed products， ginger-dried products， ginger-fried products（the amounts of ginger were 10%， 50%， respectively） of MOC were extracted by steam distillation and subjected to rabbit eye irritation experiment， and the volatile components of each sample were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS）. Principal component analysis（PCA）and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA） were used to analyze the data of each sample by SIMCA 14.1. The relative contents of different processed products were compared two by two with those of and raw products or ginger-fried products， and the markers that might be related to the irritation were sorted out according to the principles of variable importance in the projection（VIP） value >1 and P<0.05， and the factors influencing the differences in irritation were analyzed. ResultCompared with the blank group， the administration groups all had irritation to the eyes of rabbits， and the degree of irritation was in the order of raw products>water-processed products>ginger-dried products>ginger-fried products（10%）>ginger-fried products（50%）. The results of PCA and OPLS-DA showed that there were differences in the volatile oil from raw products and different processed products. According to VIP value>1 and P<0.05， and combined with the results of eye irritation experiment， ten volatile compounds related to irritation changes were screened out. Among them， cis-cinnamaldehyde was only detected in raw products， the relative contents of β-caryophyllene， （+）-delta-cadinene， α-humulene， γ-muurolene， （-）-isoledene and citral all increased to different degrees， the contents of p-cymene， 1（10）-4-cadinadien-15-ol and β-eudesmol all decreased to different degrees. ConclusionThe irritation of MOC is reduced after heating and processing with ginger juice， and the synergistic effect of both is more effective for reducing irritation. Among the differential markers associated with changes in irritation， the increase in the relative content of citral is closely related to the addition of ginger juice， while the decrease in the relative contents of cis-cinnamaldehyde， p-cymene， 1（10）-4-cadinadien-15-ol is related to heating， and the changes of other components may be related to the synergistic effect of heating and ginger juice.