Under the influence of oncogenic signals and abnormal metabolism, the redox status of cancer cells often differs from that of the normal cells, manifesting as elevated generation of reactive oxygen species( ROS) and oxidative stress.Many signaling pathways involved in tumorigenesis can directly or indirectly regulate ROS metabolism.Currently, the biological significance of increased ROS in cancer cells is still somewhat controversial.ROS on the one hand can promote cancer development and drug resistance, and on the other hand can also cause cell injury and even cell death.To maintain cell viability and proliferation, cancer cells usually up-regulate their antioxidant capacity in adaptation to the intrinsic oxidative stress.Such adaptive mechanisms to oxidative stress are highly important in both cancer development and also play a major role in cancer cell response to therapy.Compelling evidences from recent studies have suggested that targeting the redox regulation mechanisms through proper intervention strategies may have significant therapeutic implications in cancer treatment.This article will focus on alterations of redox status in cancer cells, their adaptation to oxidative stress, and the underlying mechanisms.Potential therapeutic strategies based on such biochemical characteristics of cancer cells will also be discussed.

Objective:To develop a new preparation process of PLGA microparticles for protein drugs by SPG membrane emulsifi-cation combined with W/O/W double emulsion-solvent technique. Methods:Lysozyme was used as the model drug to prepare the mi-croparticles. The influence of formula factors on the properties of the microparticles was studied, and the physicochemical properties, in vivo compatibility and degradation of the microparticles were investigated as well. Results:The drug loading of lysozyme-loaded mi-croparticles was 35%, the entrapment efficiency was 72. 43% and the average size was 63. 89 μm with PDI of 0. 675. DSC and FTIR showed that lysozyme was entrapped in the microparticles. The microspheres had promising biocompatibility and sustained degradation in vivo. Conclusion:The paper describes a new satisfactory preparation process of PLGA microparticles for protein drugs with good in vitro and in vivo properties.

Objective To explore the anti-inflammatory and antipruritic effects of Chushizhiyang ointment in a mouse model. Methods A total of 40 male 8-week-old BALB/c mice were included in this study, and randomly and equally divided into 4 groups. A mouse model of atopic dermatitis (AD)was established in three groups of mice by repeated application of 2,4-dinitroflurobenzene (DNFB)to shaved abdominal skin for sensitization and to shaved dorsal skin for stimulation. After establishment of the AD model, the three groups were topically treated with sodium chloride physiological solution (model group), hydrocortisone cream (hydrocortisone group)and Chushizhiyang ointment (Chushizhiyang group)respectively for 14 consecutive days. The remaining group receiving no sensitization or treatment served as the normal control group. All the mice were sacrificed 12 hours after the final treatment, and the dorsal skin of mice was resected followed by the determination of skin thickness and weight as well as hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining and toluidine blue staining for the counting of leukocytes and mast cells respectively. Moreover, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)was performed to measure the levels of interferon-gamma(IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNF-α), interleukin 4(IL-4)and IL-5 in dorsal skin lesions. In addition, a local skin itching model was induced by histamine phosphate in Hartley guinea pigs, which was used to explore the effect of Chushizhiyang ointment on itch thresholds. Results Compared with the model group, both the Chushizhiyang group and hydrocortisone group showed reduced thickness and weight of dorsal skin in mice (all P < 0.01), numbers of infiltrating lymphocytes and mast cells (all P < 0.01)and levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-4 and IL-5 in skin lesions (P < 0.05 or 0.01)on day 15 after the start of treatment. The thickness and weight of dorsal skin in mice were significantly decreased in the hydrocortisone group (P <0.01), but experienced no significant changes in the Chushizhiyang group compared with the normal control group. Additionally, Chushizhiyang ointment could significantly increase itch thresholds in guinea pigs induced by histamine phosphate(P < 0.01). Conclusions Chushizhiyang ointment can significantly inhibit DNFB-induced AD in mice, likely by restoring the balance between Th1 and Th2 type cytokines. Moreover, Chushizhiyang ointment could markedly relieve itching induced by histamine phosphate in guinea pigs.

Objective To study the imaging manifestations and clinical significance of simple cochlear nerve canal(CNC)stenosis. Methods The HRCT findings of 14 patients(1 7 ears)with simple CNC stenosis diagnosed sensorineural hearing loss(SNHL)were retrospectively analyzed.The width of CNC and internal auditory canal was measured and compared with the normal ears,the data were statisti-cally analyzed by SPSS1 6.0.Thin-sliced MRI of internal auditory canal (axial and oblique sagittal position)was performed in 8 cases. Results HRCT displayed obvious CNC stenosis in all 14 patients(1 7 ears),2 ears with cochlear nerve canal atresia.Width of CNC and internal auditory canal was (0.5±0.3)mm and (4.6±1.0)mm,it was (2.1±0.2)mm and (5.1 ±1.3)mm in normal ears (1 1 ears),the width of CNC was of significant difference between normal ears and ears with SNHL,and there was no statistical sig-nificant difference in width of internal auditory canal.12 ears(from 1 7 ears with simple CNC stenosis)were lacking of fissure in the cribriform area,1 1 ears(normal ear)were existence of fissure in the cribriform area;cochlear nerves were not shown in 8 patients with MRI examination.Conclusion CNC stenosis can be isolated from internal auditory canal stenosis,MRI could display cochlear nerve dysplasia(CND).

Objective:To establish the quality standard for Yunüjian granules. Methods:Rehmannia glutinosa, rhizoma anemar-rhenae and achyranthes in the granules were identified by TLC. The HPLC method was adopted. A SunfireTM C18 column (250 mm × 4. 6 mm, 5 μm) was used with the mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile-0. 1% acetic acid solution(16∶84) at the column tempera-ture of 30 ℃. The flow rate was 1. 0 ml·min-1 ,the detection wavelength was 334nm, and the imjection volume was 10 μl. Results:The TLC spots of verbascoside, and sarsasapogenin in rhizoma anemarrhenae and cyasterone in achyranthes were quite clear with good seperation. The linear range of verbascoside was within the range of 0.163-0.612 μg(r=0.999 9), and the average recovery was 101. 3%(RSD=2. 7%,n=6). Conclusion:The method is simple, reliable and accurate, and can be applied in the quality control of Ynnüjian granules.

Objective To explore the role of viral infection in the development of drug eruption in patients with HIV infection, and to evaluate the efficacy of antiviral treatment. Methods This study enrolled 87 HIV-positive patients, including 11 with and 76 without drug eruption, all of whom received highly active antiretroviral therapy(HAART). Clinical data on, baseline CD4+ and CD8+ T cell counts and CD4/CD8 ratio in these subjects were retrospectively analyzed. Results The severity of drug eruption was mild in the 11 HIV-positive patients, with a mean latency period of (14.00 ± 8.10)(range, 8 - 34)days. Of the 11 patients with drug eruption, 7 had liver function impairment, which was not in accordance with the severity of skin lesions. Drug eruption was controlled in all the 11 patients after anti-anaphylactic treatment without withdrawal of antiviral drugs. Compared with 75 HIV-positive patients without drug eruption, the 11 HIV-positive patients with drug eruption showed significantly increased baseline CD4 + T cell counts (493.00 ± 245.68 (range, 42 - 810)/μl vs. 347.81 ± 167.00 (range, 11 - 814)/μl, t = 647.50, P < 0.05), but decreased proportion of patients with baseline CD4+ T cell counts below the lower limit of normal(3/11 vs. 48/75(64.00%), X2 = 3.95, P < 0.05). There were no significant differences between 10 patients with drug eruption and 69 patients without drug eruption in the baseline CD8+ T cell count(1472.30 ± 858.55/μl vs. 1356.59 ± 684.06/μl, P > 0.05), CD4/CD8 ratio(0.40 ± 0.27 vs. 0.29 ± 0.16, P > 0.05), or percentage of patients with a CD4/CD8 ratio below the lower limit of normal (9/10 vs. 68/69 (98.55%), P >0.05). Conclusions The latency period of drug eruption seems to be long in HIV-positive patients receiving HAART, and mild drug eruption can be complicated by liver function impairment in the patients. Relatively high CD4 + counts may be a risk factor for the development and aggravation of drug eruption in HIV-positive patients.

Objective To explore the feasibility of the application of music test materials in acceptable noise level (ANL) test.Methods We chose Mandarin proficiency test material,Mandarin music and accompaniment music to produce ANL test materials.The background noise was babble noise.A total of 40 normal hearing young people conduct ANL tests.Results The most comfortable loudness (MCL) obtained under the Mandarin short text test material,Mandarin music test material and accompaniment music test material were 39.10±7.43,43.85±9.53 and 44.10±10.83 dB,respectively.The maximum background noise level (BNL) were 37.91±8.65,44.52±11.23,43.65±12.89 dB HL,ANL values were 0.98±4.90,-0.90±3.78,0.45±4.65 dB S/N,respectively.The MCL and BNL values of Mandarin music test materials and accompaniment music test materials were higher than those of Mandarin short text test materials (P＜0.05),but there was no significant difference between MCL and BNL values in Mandarin music test materials and accompaniment music test materials (P ＞ 0.05).There was no significant difference in ANL among the three test materials (P＞0.05).Conclusion The music test material can be applied to the acceptable noise level test.The MCL value and the BNL value were higher under the music test material,which indicating that the acceptance of the music is higher in normal hearing people,whether or not the music test material containing lyrics has no effect on the ANL test results.

Objective To explore the clinical features of cerebral hemorrhage associated with nephrotic syndrome (NS) as well as its underlying pathogenesis. Methods The clinical material of seven NS patients with cerebral hemorrhage were analyzed. Results The age of the seven patients was ranged from 5 to 56 years, including four male and three female. There were four patients with coagulopathy, six patients with elevated level of D-dimer and four patients with renal function impairment. Six patients had hyperlipidemia and four patients had severe proteinuria (>5 g/d). In the acute phase of hemorrhage onset, five patients developed cerebral hemorrhage in the lobes, two patients in the basal ganglia. Three patients were in coma on the first day of hemorrhage. On the 30th day after cerebral hemorrhage onset, four patients died and two patients had moderate cognitive dysfunction (modifed Rankin Scale, 3-5). Conclusion The patients of cerebral hemorrhage associated with NS may be in a serious illness state and have poor prognosis. Most of patients have elevated level of D-dimer, hyperlipidemia, and severe proteinuria, the biochemical abnormalities associated with NS. Most hemorrhages occur in the lobes which may be caused by coagulopathy.

Objective:To explore the etiology, pathogenesis and prescription of treatment methods of COVID-19 in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and to evaluate the value of integrated Chinese and western medicine for the treatment of the disease.Methods:According to the theory of five Yun and six Qi, regional climate characteristics and clinical evidence, the etiology and pathogenesis of COVID-19 were analyzed, and TCM treatment was established for clinical practices for 30 patients with COVID-19 in Huanggang Central hospital, during December 2019 and Janual 2020. Results:It is considered that COVID-19 belongs to the range of Plague in TCM theory, the etiology and pathogenesis are cold and dampness directly attacking the three yin channels, and internal constraint of deficient fire, so the disease name is called by cold-dampness pestilence. The prescription was Wumeiwan (Mume Pill) combined with Mahuang-Shengma Decoction (Ephedra and Cimicifuga Decoction) and Dayuanyin (Dayuan Beverage), and the treatment was modified according to pattern differentiation. A total of 30 patients were treated with pattern differentiation and treatment of TCM. Among which, one patient was treated only with herbal medicine, and the other 29 were treated based on the routine treatment of Western medicine. After treatment, 25 of the 30 patients had improved symptoms after taking 1 dose of TCM. After taking 7-10 doses, all patients had major symptoms ranging from improvement (8+4 cases) to complete disappearance (18 cases), 13 cases met the discharge criteria, including the one who was treated only with herbal medicine. Among all the patients, 5 of the 6 severe turned to moderate and 1 turned to mild. Conclusions:The pathogenesis of COVID-19 is cold and dampness directly attacking the three yin channels, and internal constraint of deficient fire, and then Jue-Yin Disease, which belongs to the category of cold-damp pestilence. The method of integrated Chinese and Western medicine can rapidly improve the symptoms and the clinical effect is satisfactory.

Objective To investigate whether chemokine CCL2(also known as monocyte chemotactic protein 1 or MCP-1)has a causal relationship with lung cancer.Methods Genetic data of chemokine CCL2 and different pathological subtypes of lung cancer were extracted from genome-wide association studies(GWAS),and inverse-variance weighted(IVW)analysis was used as main analysis,while weighted median,simple model,MR-Egger regression,and weighted model were chosen as supplementary analyses.Sensitivity analyses were performed to verify the reliability of the data.Results The result of IVW analysis on chemokine CCL2 to lung adenocarcinoma was OR = 1.065,95%CI(0.919～1.234),P = 0.401.The result of IVW analysis on chemokine CCL2 to squamous cell lung carcinoma was OR = 1.059,95%CI(0.931～1.205),P = 0.381.The result of IVW analysis on chemokine CCL2 to small cell lung carcinoma was OR = 0.959,95%CI(0.760～1.208),P = 0.720.Conclusions There is no direct causal relationship between chemokine CCL2 and lung cancer.