Objective To establish the improved MPN quantitative detection method of Salmonella in treated wastewater.Methods The filtration method and improved MPN method were adopted to quantitatively detect Salmonella in treated wastewater.In the filtration method,separation effect of Salmonella was investigated by using three selective agar which including XLD,HE and BS,respectively.It was established that the improved MPN method in which PCR was used instead of the biochemical tests and serological identification to identify Salmonella.In the improved MPN method,the enrichment effect was researched by using SC,MM and TTB enriched broth in different time and temperature.Results In the filtration method,the Salmonella could not be counted accurately by the three kinds of selective agar.In the improved MPN method the optimized enrichment effect was determined as using MM enriched broth at 42℃ for 24 hours.Conclusion The improved MPN method is accurate,sensitive,quick and applicable to the quantitative detection of Salmonella in treated wastewater.

Objective:To compare acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) related knowledge, attitudes, behaviors and their influencing factors among college students in different years in Beijing, and to provide evidence for targeted health education among college students in future.Methods: College students were selected by the stratified cluster sampling method, and a questionnaire survey was conducted among college students in year 2006 and 2016 in Beijing.The sample sizes were 1 800 and 3 001 college students, respectively.The contents of the questionnaire included: socio-demographic characteristics, AIDS related knowledge, AIDS related attitude, sex intercourse and its related risk behaviors, condom use intension, and AIDS related health education.Results: Compared with the year 2006, the average AIDS knowledge scores of college students in year 2016 dropped from 12.78±1.95 to 11.90±2.56 (t=12.91, P<0.05), and the correct answer rates of questions in the knowledge part were decreased, too.Except for belief on condom use, the college students were more negative on AIDS related attitude and self-efficacy in year 2016 than in year 2006.Among the students who had sex experience, the rates of commercial sex [17.65% (33/187) vs.6.53% (16/245), χ2=13.003, P<0.001] and the rates of homo-sexual intercourse [15.43% (29/188) vs.4.13% (10/242), χ2=16.356, P<0.001] were higher in year 2016 than in year 2006.The main way for the students seeking pornographic information was changed from books to internet (41.15%) in 2016 compared with the year 2016.In 2016, the influencing factors of intention on condom use were male (OR=0.713), self-efficacy of condom purchase (OR=0.876), never received sex education before college (OR=0.752), self-efficacy of condom use (OR=1.135), belief of condom use (OR=1.775), and attitude towards AIDS patients (OR=1.136).Conclusion: AIDS related knowledge, attitudes and behaviors among college students have been changed, AIDS related health education should be designed and improved based on new characteristics of college students.AIDS health education in colleges should pay more attention to sex attitude and sex responsibility and self-protection awareness among college students as well.

Objective: To explore the effect of proprioception combined with core stability training on the static balance ability and dynamic balance ability of college students, and to provide an experimental basis for studying body balance ability and preventing sports injuries. Methods: In August 2019, 112 non sports students from Shandong Institute of Physical Education were recruited, and 52 subjects were selected as the intervention group and 60 as the control group by random number table method. The intervention group was given proprioceptive training combined with core stability training, while the control group was given core stability training. The static and dynamic balance abilities of the two groups of subjects before and after training were compared. Results: The static balance ability of the intervention group was higher than that before the intervention ( F =2.17， P <0.05) at the 5th and 11th weeks, which were 18.31% and 47.37% higher, respectively. The ability to stand on one foot with eyes closed at the 11th week in the intervention group was higher than that in the control group at the 11th week( t =2.25， P <0.05). After training, the equilibrioception of the intervention group was improved, increasingly improved in the 11th week. And compared with that in intervention group in the 5th and 11th week, the ability was also higher than the balance ability of the intervention group before the intervention( F =2.37， P <0.01), 12.01% and 12.99% higher, respectively. Conclusion Proprioception and core stability training can effectively improve the static and dynamic balance ability of college students, and the training effect of proprioceptive training combined with core stability training is better than that of core stability training.

Objective:To understand the basic situation of vaccination of medical staff engaged in infectious disease related work, analyze the influencing factors of vaccination, and provide reference for the vaccination of occupational population.Methods:A self-designed questionnaire was designed to investigate the staff engaged in infectious disease related work in the disease control and hospital systems of 11 cities in Zhejiang Province. The contents of the questionnaire included the basic information of the medical staff, the vaccination situation after work and its influencing factors and vaccination willingness. A total of 1 446 valid questionnaires were collected. Chi square test and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze the influencing factors of whether or not they had been vaccinated with work-related vaccine after engaging in infectious disease-related work.Results:Of the respondemts, had been vaccinated with work-related vaccines after engaging in infectious diseases related work, and the vaccines with the highest coverage rate were hepatitis B vaccine, influenza vaccine, measles vaccine, etc. Work organization, position, unit level and working years related to pathogenic microorganism experiment are the influencing factors for medical personnel to vaccinate work-related vaccine after they are engaged in infectious disease related work; 90.04% of the respondents indicated that they would like to be vaccinated.Conclusions:The vaccination rate of work-related vaccine was low after the medical staff began to work on infectious diseases. The main influencing factors of whether the medical staff were vaccinated with work-related vaccine after they were engaged in the work-related vaccine of pathogenic microorganisms were the working organization, position, unit level and working years related to pathogenic microorganism experiment.

The preservation of pathogenic microorganisms is an important part of the national biosafety work. This paper reviews the status and problems of the management of pathogenic microorganisms preservation in China, analyzes the planning ideas and countermeasures of pathogenic microorganism preservation and proposes the realization path, in order to improve the self-protection ability of pathogenic microorganisms resources, and help promote the healthy development of biotechnology industry in China.

Strain-resource engineering is often considered as an important infrastructure of microbiology related research and industry. The western developed countries took the lead in establishing the classical microbial resource utilization method, and continuously improved the preservation system, species annotation technology and global sharing mechanism, which realized the expansion and reserve of biological resources since end of the 19th century. The rich and diversified germplasm resources, standard strains and production strains not only have important economic values, but also maintain the advantages of scientific research, bioeconomy (such as antimicrobial agents, vaccines, detection reagent development and standard development, etc.) and national security. Although there has been a lot of progress in related research in recent years, compared with developed countries, there is still a big gap in related fields in China. The investment and top-level design in this area lag far behind the western developed countries, and it is not commensurate with the current level of economic and social development in my country. Drawing lessons from the practice of WFCC and WDCM (World Data Center for Microorganisms, Global microbial data Center, affiliated to WFCC), for the purpose of collecting new clinical species/strains, this paper puts forward some suggestions on the identification, preservation and upload system of isolates.

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Ca2+ /calmodulin - dependent kinase II (CaMKII)γ RNA interference on the expression of nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1(NFATc1),tyrosine kinase(c-Src)and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase(TRAP)genes,and its role and molecular mechanism in osteoclast differentiation. Methods The CaMKII γ RNA interference vector was constructed by lentivirus and transfected into RAW264. 7 cells. The experiment was di-vided into three groups:A,B and C,which were the control group,negative vector group and interference vector group. After transfec-tion for 12 hours,osteoclasts induced by 50 ng/mL RANKL and the cells were harvested after induction for 5 days. Real-time quanti-tative PCR,Western blot and immunofluorescence were used to detect the expression of NFATc1,TRAP and c-Src genes in three groups. Results The mRNA levels of NFATc1,TRAP and c-Src in the group C decreased by 49. 86% ,43. 65% and 53. 57% ,re-spectively(P<0. 001),and the protein levels decreased by 54. 22% ,46. 75% and 45. 86% ,respectively(P<0. 001). There was no significant difference between the A and the B groups(P>0. 05). The fluorescence intensity of the above genes in the group C was significantly weaker than that in the A and B groups,and the formation of osteoclasts was significantly less than that in the A and B groups. Conclusion CaMKIIγ RNA interference significantly inhibited the expression of NFATc1,TRAP and c-Src genes,sugges-ting that CaMKIIγ plays a key regulatory role in osteoclast differentiation.

Technical requirements for evaluation of national standard strains of pathogenic microorganisms (WS/T 812—2022)have been implemented since May 1, 2023. This is one of the concrete and important measures to implement Biosafety Law of the People′s Republic of China, the National Health Commission of the pathogenic microorganisms of collection organization of the " 14th Five-Year" development plan and to improve the standard system of pathogenic resource preservation and biosafety in China. For the first time, this standard specifies a definition, four evaluation principles, five types of use, and three evaluation indicators of national standard strains of pathogenic microorganisms, and standardizing the evaluation technical procedures and certificate. After the implementation of the standard, it will strongly support the national needs for the evaluation and application of pathogenic microorganism standard strains, such as infectious disease prevention and control, food safety testing, and biometrics specification, gradually reduce the long-term dependence on foreign standard strains and other " bottleneck" problems, help national biosecurity and high level science and technology self-reliance while promoting the innovation and high-level development of biotechnology.

In 2001, the anthrax incident in the United States drew more intense global attention to the threat posed by potential bioterrorism. In order to prevent the occurrence of similar bioterrorism incidents and better regulate the management of pathogenic microorganisms, especially the pathogens that may be used to cause potential bioterrorism incidents, the United States established the Federal Select Agent Program (FSAP) in 2002. The program aims to national biosecurity by establishing regulations governing the possession, use or transfer of specific biological agents or toxins by individuals or institutions to minimize harm to humans, animals and plants, and animal and plant products. Based on the systematic elaboration of the basic situation of the FSAP, we reviewed the development and change of the FSAP over the past 20 years and its existing problems, and gives some suggestions to the regulation of pathogenic microorganism in China.

The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the significance of preserving and sharing pathogenic microorganisms like SARS-CoV-2. China has abundant microbial resources, however due to the late start of preservation work, there is still a gap in the construction of pathogenic microorganism preservation system compared to major preservation institutions in other countries. This paper adopts the method of literature research, in combination with statistics from official website, compares and analyzes the operational management, organizational structure, and sharing capability of the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) of the United States of America, the NITE Biological Resource Center (NBRC) of Japan, and the Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen (DSMZ) of Germany, and summarizes their mature management experience, so as to provide suggestions for the system construction, operational management, and resource-sharing service of pathogenic microorganism preservation system in China.