This article compares and analyzes the content and theoretical structure of the concept of pathogenesis from the national textbooks of Basic Theory of Chinese Medicine and Diagnostics in Chinese Medicine from the first to the ninth version.The authors consider the mechanism as the main content of pathogenesis concept in contemporary Chinese medicine.During the construction of this concept,the concept of pathology has a profound influence,wh ich differs a lot from the emphasis on key in ancient pathogenesis content,mainly reflected in clinical diagnosis and treatment ideas transferring from dealing with key issues to dealing with abstract concept.This change is associated with the impact of western medicine on modern Chinese medicine,emphasizing the mechanism and so on,so that the ancient Xiang (象) concept is marginalized.

Objective To investigate the neuroprotective mechanism of cerebral ischemic preconditioning by detecting the expression changes of hippocampus nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and Hesl mRNA after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats.Methods A total of 108 healthy male SD rats were randomly divided into a cerebral ischemia group,a cerebral ischemic preconditioning group,and a sham operation group,and then redivided into 22 h,48 h,72 h,7 d,and 14 d subgroups.Ischemic preconditioning was performed at day 3 before establishing the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury model by transient occlusion of right internal carotid artery for 10 min.At each time point after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion,the neurological deficit score and cerebral infarction volume measurement were performed,and the expressions of NF-κB and Hes1 mRNA in the hippocampus were detected by using real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction.Results The neurological function scores and the percentage of cerebral infarction volume in the cerebral ischemic preconditioning goup at each time point were significantly lower than those in the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion group (all P ＜0.05).The expression levels of NF-κB and Hesl mRNAs in each group had progressive reduction with time.Compared with the same time point,it showed that the expression levels of NF-κB and Hes1 mRNAs in the cerebral ischemic preconditioning group and the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion group were significantly higher than those in the sham operation group,the expression level of NF-κB mRNA in the cerebral ischemic preconditioning group was significantly lower than that in the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion group,and the expression level of Hesl mRNA was significantly higher than that in the cerebral ischemia-reperfusion group (all P ＜0.05).Conclusions The upregulation of Hesl and down-regulation of NF-κB may be involved in the neuroprotective mechanisms of cerebral ischemic preconditioning.

Objective To discuss effect of different temperature scrubbing solution on red blood cell morphological structure. Methods Selected 60 cases with autologous blood transfusion were divided into 4℃ group, 24℃ group and 37℃ group. pH, Na+,K+,Hb, Hct were detected before being scrubbed and after being scrubbed. Red blood cell struc-ture after being scrubbed were observed. Results Levels of Hb, Hct, Na+ of three groups after being scrubbed were higher than those before being scrubbed(P<0.01). And group 4℃was higher than group 24℃and group 37℃(P<0.05). Level of K+of three groups decreased after being scrubbed (P<0.01). After being scrubbed, spines shape of red blood cells increased with extension of time (P<0.01). With increasing of temperature, spines shape of red blood cells in-creased (P<0.01). Conclusion In the process of autologous blood doping, scrubbing solution of 4℃for red blood cell morphology keeping is better than 24℃and 37℃.

Objective To investigate the influence of early growth response gene-1 (EGR1) on the autophagy of host cells following infection with human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1).MethodsA HTLV-1-positive cell line MT2 was co-cultured with HeLa cells for 24 h to construct the virus early infection model.Immunoblotting assay was used to detect the expression of HTLV-1 core protein p19 and EGR1.Luciferase reporter gene analysis was used to detect the transcriptional activity of 5′-regulatory sequence of EGR1 at different time points after co-culturing.An effective small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting EGR1 was screened out and transfected into HeLa cells by Lipofectamine 2000.Then the transfected HeLa cells were co-cultured with the HTLV-1-positive cell line MT2 for 24 h.Immunoblotting assay was used to detect HTLV-1 core protein p19, EGR1 and autophagy-related protein LC3.Real-time PCR was performed to detect viral load.Autophagosome was analyzed by immunofluorescence after co-culturing.Results The expression of EGR1 and the transcriptional activity of pEGR1-luc gradually increased after co-culturing HeLa cells with MT2 cells for 8 h (P<0.01).The expression of EGR1 was positively correlated with host cell autophagy following HTLV-1 infection.The effective siRNA for silencing the expression of EGR1 was obtained and named as siE2.The viral load, the expression of HTLV-1 core protein p19 and the proportion of LC3B/LC3A in the co-culture model were markedly down-regulated by RNA interference with siE2, which was concomitant with a persistent decrease of intracellular autophagosome (P<0.01).Conclusion EGR1 is associated with host cell autophagy and viral replication in HTLV-1 infection.

Objective In the present study, we investigated the effects of advanced oxidation protein products(AOPP) on reactive oxygen species(ROS) production in murine osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells by NADPH oxidase enzymes pathway. Methods Experiments were divided into three groups, including control group, rats albumin(RSA) group, and AOPP group. Different concentrations of AOPP were added to the osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells culture medium. The production of ROS in MC3T3-E1 cells was measured by the fluorescence intensity of intracellular fluoroprobe ( DCFD ) . In order to verify the effect of enzyme of the production of ROS, the specific inhibitors of corresponding enzymes were added in the MC3T3-E1 cells which were cultured in the medium with AOPP. Finally, western blot and immunofluorescence were used to observe the changes of NADPH oxidase enzymes subunits. Results Different concentrations of AOPP (50,100,200μg/ml) induced MC3T3-E1 cells to produce different amount of ROS. The higher concentrations of AOPP were added, the more ROS were produced. Furthermore,200μg/ml AOPP induced the maximum amount of ROS production(P<0. 05). Meanwhile, AOPP induced MC3T3-E1 cells to produce different amount of ROS with a time-dependent manner. The peak amount of ROS production in MC3T3-E1 cells was observed in 3h when AOPP were added (P<0. 05). In addition, when specific inhibitors of corresponding enzymes were added in the MC3T3-E1 cells, the production of ROS were significantly suppressed by C-SOD, DPI, and apocynin(P<0. 05). On the other hand, AOPP can up-regulate the expression of Nox4 protein of the MC3T3-E1 cells, which is one of the subunits of NADPH oxidase enzymes. Meanwhile, AOPP can also induce the membrane migration of p47phox subunit. Conclusion AOPP induces osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells to produce ROS by NADPH oxidase enzymes pathway, and which may be one of the pathogenesis of AOPP involved in osteoporosis.

Objective The evaluation management of scientific research projects is the core work content of scientific research management institutions at all levels.The primary causes of bias in project evaluation are the acquaintance social network relationship and the unit-based unitism,especially in the case of small academic circles.The purpose of this essay is to study how to circumvent this problem,to select projects objectively and fairly,and to benefit the evaluation and management of scientific research projects at all levels.Methods Including information construction,expert database construction,expert rotation system,expert avoidance system,supervision and examination system,peer-expert review and strengthen the expert project evaluation.For the first time,we proposed a double-blind,random,centralized,and group-based independent evaluation system.Results This method has a positiveeffect on view.Conclusions In the case where the relative or absolute numberof experts in a single field is small,implementing a series of normative systems and measures through organizational management can avoid interference factors that affect the project evaluation effectively and achieve more scientific and fair results.

Objective To study the inhibitory effect of aspirin on proliferation of human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cell line and its possible mechanismt. Methods MTT assay and plate cloning experiments was used to detect proliferation of human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Effects of aspirin on autophagosomes in HepG2 cells were detected by acridine orange fluorescence staining. The expression of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) protein in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells was detected by Western blot. Results 10 mmol/L concentration of aspirin could inhibit the proliferation of HepG2 cells, but increase the number of autophagosomes of HepG2 cells, increase AMPK expression, decrease mTOR expression. After combination treatemnt with 40 μmol/L autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ), CQ could enhance the inhibitory effect of 10 mmol/L aspirin on proliferation of human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Conclusion Combination treatment with autophagy inhibitor CQ attenuates 10 mmol/L aspirin-induced autophagy thus enhance its anti-HepG2 effect.

Objective To examine the prediction value of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) on radiotherapy response in esophageal cancer.Methods A total of 24 subcutaneous esophageal cancer xenograft models were randomly divided into experimental group (n =14,received a single dose of 15 Gy radiotherapy) and control group (n =10,without any treatment).MRI were required before and after radiotherapy at different check time points (1,6,13 days) of T1WI,T2WI,and DWI measurements.Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADCX) and volume (VX) of each xenograft were measured,and both △ADCX and △VX were calculated.Results The ADC values of both group were decreased at the first day,however,the decrease in experimental group were more obviously with an increase at 6 and 13 d gradually.However,the ADC values of the control group showed a persistent decline.There was no significant difference in the ADC values between the two different groups before radiotherapy (P ＞ 0.05),while significant difference was found in the ADC values (F =6.178,16.181,58.733,P ＜ 0.05) and △ADC after radiotherapy (F =9.038,12.360,35.140,P ＜ 0.05).The xenografts volume in the experimental group showed a significant growth delay.There was no significant difference in volume between the two groups (P ＞ 0.05) before radiotherapy.Significant difference in V between the two groups only began to exist at 5 d after radiotherapy (F =28.587,P ＜ 0.05).The ADC0,ADC1 of transplanted tumor in control group had linear correlation relationships with its volume of later period.After radiotherapy,the trend of r values gradually increased from-0.118 to 0.896.Conclusions ADC values may change significantly at the early stage after radiotherapy,and initial and early ADC value may have close relationship with xenograft volumes of later period,which indicates that DWI has huge potential in the prediction of radiotherapy response.

Objective: To explore the dynamic variation trend of bronchial wall thickness (BWT) in severely burned patients combined with inhalation injury, and to determine the value of BWT to prognosis of patients. Methods: Forty-three severely burned patients with inhalation injury hospitalized in Intensive Burn Department of the Affiliated Hospital of Nankai University (Tianjin No.4 Hospital) from July to November 2016, conforming to the study criteria, were divided into survival group (n=27) and death group (n=16) according to the prognosis of patients within 14 days after admission. All patients underwent fiberoptic bronchoscopy and inhalation injury rating based on abbreviated injury scale at admission. High resolution CT examination was performed in patients of two groups at admission and 24 h post admission, 3, 7, and 14 d post admission to measure the BWT of right superior lobar bronchus trunk opening. Receiver operating characteristic curves of rating of inhalation damage at admission and BWT at admission were drawn to evaluate the predictive value for death of 43 patients. Data were processed with chi-square test, independent sample t test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, analysis of variance for repeated measurement and least-significant difference-t test. Results: (1) The numbers of patients rated as 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 grade for inhalation injury in survival group and death group were 0, 19, 6, 2, and 0, and 0, 2, 7, 7, and 0, respectively. There were statistically significant differences between the two groups (Z=-3.79, P<0.01). (2) BWT of patients in death group at admission and 24 h post admission, 3, 7, and 14 d post admission was respectively (2.72±0.26), (3.18±0.22), (2.98±0.18), (2.29±0.17), and (1.45±0.21) mm, which was significantly larger than (2.24±0.15), (2.49±0.15), (1.51±0.17), (1.04±0.16), and (1.01±0.13) mm in survival group (t=7.55, 12.14, 27.11, 19.99, 7.11, P<0.01). BWT of patients in survival group and death group at 24 h post admission, 3, 7, and 14 d post admission showed statistically significant difference when compared with that at admission within the corresponding group (t=5.97, 16.63, 28.21, 38.57, 5.34, 3.31, 4.39, 6.48, P<0.01). BWT of patients in survival group and death group on 3, 7, and 14 d post admission was significantly smaller than that at 24 h post admission within the corresponding group (t=22.27, 34.02, 45.03, 2.77, 10.53, 10.59, P<0.01). BWT of patients in survival group and death group on 7 and 14 d post admission was significantly smaller than that on 3 d post admission within the corresponding group (t=10.49, 18.26, 9.57, 11.44, P<0.01). BWT of patients in survival group and death group on 14 d post admission was significantly smaller than that on 7 d post admission within the corresponding group (t=6.97, 6.15, P<0.01). (3) The total areas under ROC curves of inhalation injury rating at admission and BWT at admission for predicting death of 43 patients were 0.880 and 0.956, respectively (with 95% confidence intervals 0.768-0.991, 0.882-1.000, P<0.05). Grade 1.5 and 2.75 mm were respectively chosen as the optimal threshold values of inhalation injury rating at admission and BWT at admission, with sensitivity of 87.50%, 83.33% and specificity of 77.78%, 96.00%, respectively. Conclusions The BWT of survived and dead patients with severe burn and inhalation injury increases significantly post burn, while the BWT of survived patients restores to normal level faster. BWT can be used to assess the severity of inhalation injury and to predict death in severely burned patients combined with inhalation injury.