Objective:To explore the clinical characteristics and risk factors of maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients combined with infection-related hospitalization.Methods:Patients with MHD from December 1, 2013 to February 28, 2018 were retrospectively selected and then followed up for at least 1 year until February 28, 2019. Baseline data including demographic and clinical data of patients were collected. According to whether the infection-related hospitalization occurred, patients were divided into infection group and non-infection group. The clinical characteristics and related factors were compared between the two groups. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors.Results:A total of 392 patients were included in the study. Two hundred and fifty-five cases were males, accounting for 65.1%. The age was (59.39±15.28) years old. The infection rate of diabetic kidney disease patients was the highest (32.2%). The main site of infection was the lung, accounting for 78.4%, which was far higher than the catheter-related infection in the second position. After infection, quinolones and cephalosporins were often the preferred drugs. Compared with the non-infection group, the infection group had older age [(62.96±15.16) years vs (57.98±15.12) years, t=-2.607, P=0.004], higher proportion of comorbid diabetes (45.9% vs 32.4%, χ2=6.334, P=0.012) and previous smoking history (30.6% vs 18.5%, χ2=6.831, P=0.009), longer time of first dialysis stay [13.0(9.0, 18.0) d vs 12.0(9.0, 17.5) d, Z=3.659, P=0.001] and lower hemoglobin [(74.43±19.93) g/L vs (79.06±17.10) g/L, t=1.612, P=0.022], albumin [(32.63±5.33) g/L vs (33.99±6.14) g/L, t=2.062, P=0.029] and red blood cell count [2.53×10 12/L (2.06×10 12/L, 3.06×10 12/L) vs 2.68×10 12/L(2.28×10 12/L, 3.07×10 12/L), Z=2.118, P=0.034]. Multivariate logistic analysis found that older age (every 1 year, OR=1.016, 95% CI 1.003-1.030, P=0.017) and longer hospital stay at first dialysis (every 1 d, OR=1.047, 95% CI 1.014-1.080, P=0.008) were independent risk factors, and higher hemoglobin (every 1 g/L, OR=0.987, 95% CI 0.975-0.999, P=0.033) was a protective factor for infection-related hospitalization in MHD patients. Conclusions:MHD patients with diabetic kidney disease have the highest infection incidence. The incidence of pulmonary infection is much higher than other types of infection such as catheter-related infection, urinary tract infection and sepsis. Aging and low hemoglobin are risk factors for MHD patients to prone to co-infection.

Lotus medicinal herbs have the effects of resolving blood stasis and stopping bleeding， invigorating the spleen and benefiting the kidneys， restoring coordination between heart and kidney， and tranquilizing the fetus. Lotus root， lotus leaf， lotus seed， Lotus plumule， Shilianzi（Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn） and other lotus herbs are used to treat various female reproductive system diseases. For example， lotus leaf tip with modified Youshi Pangxing Shuangtu Decoction （伍尤氏胖型双土汤）， lotus root section with modified Youshi Shouxing Shuangteng Decoction （尤氏瘦型双藤汤） were used for polycystic ovary syndrome； Youshi Yangchao Formula （尤氏养巢方） （containing lotus seed）， Gengnian Formula （更年方） （containing lotus plumule） for ovarian reserve dysfunction； Lotus seed - Shihu （Dendrobium nobile） as the herb-pair， lotus stamen with ginseng flowers and Sanqi Flower for thin endometrium； Shilianzi（Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn）， lotus leaf tip， lotus stamen， lotus seed， lotus room， lotus root section can be used for premature abortion， and we summarized the characteristics of clinical medication， compounding experience， drug dosage and precautions of each lotus drug in different diseases.

Liver fibrosis is the common consequence of various chronic liver injuries and is mainly characterized by the imbalance between the production and degradation of extracellular matrix, which leads to the accumulation of interstitial collagen and other matrix components. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their specific inhibitors, i.e., tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), play a crucial role in collagen synthesis and lysis. Through a literature review, this article reviews the experimental studies of liver fibrosis based on MMPs/TIMPs, summarizes the components that may exert an anti-liver fibrosis effect by affecting the expression or activity of MMPs/TIMPs, and attempts to clarify the mechanism of MMPs/TIMPs in regulating collagen homeostasis, so as to provide support for the development of anti-liver fibrosis drugs.

OBJECTIVE: To identify phytochemical constituents present in the extract of flowers of Xanthoceras sorbifolia and evaluate their anti-oxidant and anti-hyperglycemic capacities. METHODS: The AlCl₃ colorimetric method and Prussian Blue assay were used to determine the contents of total flavonoids and total phenolic acids in extraction layers, and the bioactive layers was screened through anti - oxidative activity in vitro. The Waters ACQUITY UPLC system and a Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C₁₈ column (2.0 mm × 150 mm, 5 μm) were used to identify the ingredients. And anti-oxidative ingredients were screened by off-line UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS-free radical scavenging. The ameliorative role of it was further evaluated in a high-fat, streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rat model and the study was carried out on NADPH oxidase (PDB ID: 2CDU) by molecular docking. RESULTS: Combined with the results of activity screening in vitro, the anti - oxidative part was identified as the ethyl acetate layer. A total of 24 chemical constituents were identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in the ethyl acetate layer and 13 main anti-oxidative active constituents were preliminarily screened out through off-line UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS-free radical scavenging. In vivo experiments showed that flowers of X. sorbifolia could significantly reduce the blood glucose level of diabetic mice and alleviate liver cell damage. Based on the results of docking analysis related to the identified phytocompounds and oxidase which involved in type 2 diabetes, quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside, and isoquercitrin showed a better inhibitory profile. CONCLUSION The ethyl acetate layer was rich in flavonoids and phenolic acids and had significant anti-oxidant activity, which could prevent hyperglycemia. This observed activity profile suggested X. sorbifolia flowers as a promising new source of tea to develop alternative natural anti-diabetic products with a high safety margin.