Objective To observe the effects of malt extract on prolactin expression and morphology of mammary tissue in hyperprolactinemia rats. Methods Metoclopramide hydrochloride was injected subcutaneously to establish hyperprolactinemia model. Sixty rats were divided into normal control group, model control group, bromocriptine group, high-dose, middle-dose and low-dose malt extract groups. Except normal control group, hyperprolactinemia model was established in the other groups. Bromocriptine (0. 389 mg·kg-1 ·d-1 ) was given to bromocriptine group. Malt extract (7. 98, 15. 96 and 31. 92 g·kg-1 ·d-1 ) was administered in low-dose, middle-dose and high-dose malt extract groups. Equal volume of purified water was given to normal control group and model control group. After 30 days of administration, PRL positive cell number of rat hypophysis was counted. RT-PCR was used to measure hypophysis PRL mRNA expression, and morphology of mammary tissues was observed by immunohistochemical method. Results PRL positive cell number was (2. 4±0. 3), (21. 7±0. 8), (3. 8± 0. 5), (4. 5±0. 4), (6. 7±0. 5) and (15. 8±1. 2) in normal control group, model control group, bromocriptine group, high-dose, middle-dose and low-dose malt extract groups. PRL mRNA expression level was (0. 31±0. 02), (1. 58±0. 06), (0. 45± 0. 04), (0. 49±0. 03), (0. 61±0. 04), and (0. 95±0. 09), respectively. As compared with normal control group, hypophysis PRL positive cell number and PRL mRNA expression level of high-dose and middle-dose malt extract group were increased significantly (P<0. 01), and hyperplasia of mammary glands appeared. As compared with model control group, hypophysis PRL positive cell number and PRL mRNA expression level of high-dose and middle-dose malt extract group was decreased significantly (P<0. 01), and hyperplasia of mammary glands was alleviated obviously. Conclusion Malt extract can effectively treat hyperprolactinemia and inhibit hyperplasia of mammary glands through significantly decreasing the expression of hypophysis prolactin in hyperprolactinemia rats.

Objective To investigate the major risk factors of aseptic necrosis of bone in patients with systemic lupus erythemattrsus (SLE),and thus provide evidence for decision-making on prevention.Methods Meta-analysis Was used to systemically evaluate the 14 case-control studies about the risk factors of aseptic necrosis of bone in patients with SLE.Review Manager 4.2 Was utilized to carry out homogeneity checking and calculate the pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval.Results The OR values of risk factor of AVN in patients with SLE and 95% CI were as follows:Raynaud's phenomenon 2.43(1.12～5.29):dental ulcer 2.33(1.11～4.88);renal involvement 1.76(1.27～2.44);vasculitis 4.65(1.62～13.33):hyperlipidemia 3.28(1.76～6.12);anti-phospholipid antibody(APL)2.06(0.84～5.06):hypocomplementemia 0.63(0.35～1.14).Conclusion Glucocorticosteroid is an important risk factor in inducing aseptic necrosis of bone in patients with SLE,but it is not the only factor.Raynaud's phenomenon,dental ulcer,renal involve-ment,vasculitis and hyperlipidemia are major risk factors of aseptic necrosis of bone in patients with SLE.

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of flurbiprofen axetil on lung ischemia-reperfusion(I/R) injury in rats.MethodsSixty healthy male SD rats weighing 250-300 g were randomly divided into 3 groups( n =20 each): group sham operation(group S) ;group I/R and group flurbiprofen axetil (group FA).The animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal 2％ pentobarbital 50 mg/kg and tracheostomized and mechanically ventilated.Lung I/R was induced by 60 min occlusion of left hilus pulmonis followed by 120 min reperfusion.In FA group flurbiprofen axetil 10 mg/kg was injected iv at 15 min before occlusion of left hilus pulmonis.The rats were sacrificed at 120 min of reperfusion and then the lungs were removed for measurement of lung wet/dry weight ratio,apoptosis index,NF-κB activity,Bcl-2 and Bax protien expression,and microscopic examination.Bcl-2/Bax ratio was caculated.ResultsI/R significantly increased lung wet/dry weight ratio,apoptosis index,NF-κB activity,Bcl-2 and Bax protien expression,and decreased Bcl-2/Bax ratio.Flurbiprofen axetil preconditioning significantly attenuated the I/R-induced changes in lung wet/dry weight ratio,apoptosis index,NF-κB activity,Bcl-2 and Bax protien expression,and Bcl-2/Bax ratio in group FA as compared with group I/R.Flurbiprofen axetil preconditioning also ameliorated I/R-induced lung damage.ConclusionFlurbiprofen axetil can attenuate lung I/R injury in rats by inhibiting NF-κB activity,up-regulating Bcl-2 expression and down-regulating Bax expression and inhibiting apoptosis.

Current occupational health and occupational medicine teaching content focused on the detection of harmful factors,and more belonged to validation experiments.Closed-end management of experimental teaching,experimental report-based performance evaluation methods and single model of teaching methods reduced the students' study interesting,lack of problem-solving abilities.Therefore,it is necessary to optimize the experimental curriculum,adopt an open experimental teaching,build a reasonable experimental evaluation system and promote the diversification of teaching model.

Objective:To explore the characteristics of type 3 secretion system and biofilm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in diabetic foot wound, and to analyze the relationship between these factors, as well as to the antibiotic sensitivity.Methods:Thirty-three strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were collected from the foot wounds of diabetic foot inpatients in Tianjin Medical University Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital from February 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018. Thirteen strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were collected from non-diabetic wounds. All strains were tested for antibiotic sensitivity. The virulence genes exoS or exoU of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the ability of biofilm formation were tested. The characteristics of exoS or exoU and biofilm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were analyzed. Patients′ clinical outcomes were also analyzed.Results:Pseudomonas aeruginosa with exoS gene was the major pathogen, 90.9% found in diabetic foot group and 84.6% in control group, with no significant difference( χ2=0.54, P=0.46). The drug-resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa with exoS accounted for 16.7% in diabetic foot group and 18.2% in control group, also with no significant difference( χ2=0.18, P=0.83). There were 5 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa carrying exoU, 3 strains in diabetic foot group, of which 1 was resistant, 2 in control group, no resistant strain. Pseudomonas aeruginosa increased the ability of biofilm formation in diabetic foot group, accounting for 57.6%, and for resistant strains, 83.3% of them increased the biofilm formation ability. Two kinds of Pseudomonas aeruginosa produced different biofilms, but they were effectiveless for carbapenem antibiotics. The times of debridement ( P<0.01), time of antibiotic use ( P<0.01) were more in biofilm wound, but the healing rate reached 75%-90%. Conclusion:Pseudomonas aeruginosa secreting ExoS is the main one in the diabetic foot wound. The ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to produce biofilm in DF wound is increased. Biofilm is one reason for its antibiotic resistance. Multiple debridement combined with sensitive antibiotics is an effective method to remove biofilm.

Objective To investigate the clinical application of different puncture positions in percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL).Methods From February 2015 to March 2017,102 patients with kidney urinary calculi in our hospital were enrolled in the study.According to the selected puncture position,they were divided into prone position (group A,32 cases),lateral decubitus position (group B,37 cases) and half stone oblique supine position (group C,33 cases).The mean arterial pressure (MAP),heart rate (HR) and blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) were observed before placement of 5 min (T0),after placement of 5 min (T1),30 min (T2),and postoperative 5 min (T3),and the time of established passage,the time of operation and the amount of bleeding during operation and so on.Results The MAP in group B and group C at T1 was significantly higher than that in group A (P ＜ 0.05);The HR in Group B and group C at T2 and T3 were significantly lower than those in group A (P ＜ 0.05);The SpO2 in Group B and group C at T1 and T2 were significantly higher than those in group A (P ＜ 0.05);There was no significant difference in the time of establishment passage,the rate of primary clearing stone and the hospital stay in the groups (P ＞0.05);The operation time and intraoperative blood loss in group C were (120.07 ± 20.19) min and (90.01 ±30.11)ml,significantly less than those in group B and group A (P ＜0.05);The operation time and intraoperative blood loss in group B were (140.17 ±20.48) min and (110.04 ±29.82) ml,significantly less than that in group A [(170.02 ± 21.02) min,(164.02 ± 30.12) ml] (P ＜ 0.05);The postural comfort of group C was better than that of group A and group B (P ＜ 0.05);There was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative complications in the three groups (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions Half stone oblique supine position in the PCNL application has good effect,which is conducive to improving the patient's tolerance to surgery,shorten the operation time,and it is worth popularizing.

We reviewed and developed an indicator system framework for assessing teaching effect of laparoscopic simulation training through literature research, expert consultation, analytic hierarchy process and factor analysis. We also made an empirical study on the constructed index system. The system included 3 domains (A1: evaluation of laparoscopic simulator; A2: operation evaluation of experimental animals; A3: evaluation of clinical practice), 10 second-level indicators and 23 third-level indicators for assessing teaching effect of laparoscopic simulation training. The indicator system framework has good internal consistency (Cronbach α= 0.968) and external consistency (>0.72). The empirical study found that: in the results of A1-A3 in the first level indicator, the score of the experienced group was significantly higher than that of the inexperienced group ( P<0.05). In the evaluation results of the 10 secondary indicators in the secondary indicators B1-B10, the score of the experienced group was significantly higher than that of the inexperienced group ( P<0.01). For the first time, we have established and evaluated a comprehensive evaluation indicator system which is reliable and effective and can be used for further evaluation of teaching effect of laparoscopic simulation training. The following empirical studies have verified the effectiveness and practicability of the evaluation system.

Objective To collect and summarize the opinions of experts on the improvement of China's disease prevention and control system published in the public media, so as to provide reference for the relevant construction planning of the government. Methods: Articles were collected from January to May, 2020, which were published on Chinese mainstream media. Based on the analysis of literature and the basic characteristics of experts, Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to summarize the construction points of experts in different construction fields. Results: A total of 19 opinion articles were finally included in the study and 29 experts were involved. The suggestions of experts on the construction of China's disease prevention and control system were summarized into four aspects. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic is a challenge to the existing public health epidemic prevention and control system in China, and also an important opportunity for the development and construction of the related system.

BACKGROUND: Immune checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy is reported to have little effect in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with driver oncogenes. However, recent studies have shown that some patients with driver genes are still benefit from combination immunotherapy after tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) drug resistance. The purpose of this study was to analyze the efficacy of posterior line immunotherapy in NSCLC patients with epidermal growth factor (EGFR) sensitive mutation, and to evaluate the value of immunotherapy in posterior line therapy in patients with advanced EGFR mutation. METHODS: A total of 27 patients with EGFR mutation diagnosed in Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University from June 2018 to November 2020 were collected. After the progress of targeted therapy, they had received programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) checkpoint inhibitor combined with chemotherapy and anti-angiogenic drug therapy. RESULTS: Of the 27 advanced NSCLC patients, 19 cases (70.4%) did not have T790M mutation. There were 8 cases (29.6%) with T790M point mutation. The total objective response rate (ORR) was 40.7%. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that there was no statistically significant difference among different EGFR mutations (χ²=4.15, P=0.230). But progression-free survival (PFS) was significantly longer in patients without T790M mutation than in patients with T790M mutation (9.2 mon vs 3.3 mon, χ²=2.808, P=0.041), and the same trend was observed in patients with overall survival treated with the PD-1 inhibitor (12.2 mon vs 7.3 mon, χ²=3.22, P=0.062). ORR of patients without T790M was significantly better than that with T790M (52.63% vs 12.5%, P=0.045). CONCLUSIONS Patients with EGFR mutation can benefit from later-line combined immunotherapy. The patients with T790M mutation in the population of EGFR mutation had the worst effect of immunotherapy in the later line. Therefore, the follow-up treatment and whole-course management of these patients need to explore better treatment strategies to improve the benefit.

BACKGROUND: Immunotherapy represented by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has been widely used in the treatment of lung cancer. There are controversies in clinical practice for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and high programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression receiving ICIs monotherapy or combination chemotherapy. METHODS: This study retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 49 patients with advanced NSCLC and high PD-L1 expression. Immunohistochemistry was performed with 22C3 antibody, and the expression level of PD-L1 was evaluated according to tumor proportion score (TPS). Objective response rate (ORR) and progression free survival (PFS) were compared by groups of different clinical characteristics. RESULTS: ORR of monotherapy and combination therapy group was 47.1% (8/17) and 43.8% (14/32), respectively, without statistical difference (P=0.825). The median PFS of monotherapy and combination therapy group was 8.0 months and 6.8 months, respectively, without statistical difference (P=0.502). Statistical analysis of predictors of immunotherapy for the patients showed first-line immunotherapy had better ORR than subsequent immunotherapy (12/19, 63.2% vs 10/30, 33.3%, P=0.041), however no difference in PFS. And there were no differences in ORR or PFS among groups of age, gender, smoking status, performance status (PS), pathological type, tumor size and tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage. CONCLUSIONS The therapeutic effect is similar between ICIs monotherapy and combination chemotherapy for patients with advanced NSCLC and high PD-L1 expression. ORR of first-line immunotherapy was better in patients with advanced NSCLC and high PD-L1 expression. The optimal treatment for this population remains further prospective clinical studies.