OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for the price management of medicines in Chinese mainland by inquiring into rel-ative management in Hong Kong. METHODS:Based on the steps of price management and the value chain of medicines in Hong Kong,the management mechanism of medicine pricing,circulation and compensation were researched. RESULTS & CONCLU-SIONS:The prices of the medicines in Hong Kong are mainly determined by the tender between Hospital Authority and the pharma-ceutical suppliers. In circulation,medicine payer as main body in bidding and purchase conducthigh qualitybidding andmasspurchase,and price remained the same in public hospital. On the basis of the purchase price,the price that actually paid by pa-tients is the result of government compensation. Chinese mainland can draw lessons from such drug bidding mode in Hong Kong which will lead health care department to act as the main body in bidding,weaken the relationship between the hospitals and the drug dealers or manufacturers,and expand the government's financial investment in public medical institutions to improve reim-bursement.

OBJECTIVE:To explore price management mechanism of medical service in Macau of China,and to provide refer-ence for the formulation of price management mechanism of medical service in the mainland area of China. METHODS:From two key links of pricing and compensation,price management mechanism of medical service in Macau was introduced. RESULTS &CONCLUSIONS:In respect of pricing,Macau Health Bureau as pricing subject set up guide price for public health institutions by marginal cost pricing,which focused on technology value and labor value of medical staff,and graded pricing for health institu-tions at various levels. In respect of compensation,compensation subjects included government,social security funds,charitable or-ganization,etc. The government provided fixed-rate compensation for citizen by allocating funds for public health institutions,so as to improve compensation level for primary health institutions. The social security funds extended sick benefit to insured patients, and compensated patients at fixed rate. Charitable organization subsidized private health institutions to reduce medical service price. Finally,actual price has been formulated through pricing and compensation links,and the experience is worthy of learning by the mainland of China.

Objective To investigate how internet using (both time and activities)and effortful control would contribute to the sex difference of problematic internet use (PIU).Methods A total of 844 adolescents aged 9-20 years old were selected from Chinese Academy of Sciences twin-sample by simple random sampling,with boys accounting for 45.6％ and girls accounting for 54.4％.The internet using and effortful control were measured using self-report questionnaires in the first time(T1),the problematic internet use were measured after one and half years (T2).The difference and relation of Internet using,effortful control and problematic internet use between boys and girls were measured with Chi-square test,t test and correlation analysis.The moderating effect of sex between internet using and PIU were explored by utilizing regression analysis.The mediation effect of effortful control between sex and PIU were explored with Sobel test.Results The anverage internet time of working day and weekend in boys were 1.52 h and 2.12 h respectively.The average internet time of working day and weekend in girls were 1.49 b and 2.05 h respectively.Significant difference between boys and girls is not existed in the internet time (t=0.541,0.907,P＞0.05).And the boy was inclined to game(x2 =47.669,P＜0.01).The effortful control of boys and girls were 54.09 and 55.76 respectively.The score of boys' and girls' PIU were 22.48 and 20.72 respectively.Boys' effortful control was significantly lower than that of girls (t=-2.879,P＜0.01).The score of boys' PIU was significantly higher than that of girls' (t=3.612,P＜0.01).Adolescents' PIU were significantly correlated with the time,entertainment and social activities (r=0.249,0.175,0.140,P＜0.01).The moderating effect of sex was significant in the relation between internet time and PIU.Significant mediation effect of effortful control existed in the PIU difference between boys and girls(Z=-2.54,P＜0.05).Conclusion Significant mediation effect of effortful control exists in gender and PIU.

OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for improving the rational drug use of China. METHODS:By referring to In-dia,South Africa and Argentina's policy in this regard,the rational drug policy rules and supporting measures in the national drug policy of these states were analyzed and summarized to put forward related policies for China. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:Pro-moting the rational drug use required multi-angle managements towards the supply-side,the demand-side as well as third-party, and relevant supporting measures needed to be improved. Firstly,the managements on the supply-side is particularly important,in-cluding measures such as strengthening prescription management,formulating and implementing the standard treatment guidelines, intensifing the functions of pharmacists,establishing serious irrational drug use and specific diseases medication management sys-tem;then,the demand-side needs the investigation and feedback about the patients with drug use to eliminate irrational drug use, and through the internet and other media to raise public awareness of the medicine information as well;besides,the third-party needs to establish a non-profit organization to regulate pharmaceutical advertisements,and increase information about rational drug use;finally,improving the rational drug policy also needs to improve needs to promote the separation of medicine,reform Medi-care payment and other supporting measures.

Objective To detect content of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzoic acid by RP-HPLC and observe the inhibitory effect of phloroglucinol on catecholamine-O-methyl transferase (COMT). Methods This study used the principle of 3,4-dihydroxy benzoic acid transforming to 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzoic acid under COMT’ s catalytic action. COMT (20 μL) was extracted from mouse liver homogenate. In a reaction system,10 μL catecol (1í10-3 mol·L-1 ) and 10 μL phloroglucinol (5í10-3 , 1í10-3 and 2í10-4 mol·L-1 ,respectively) were added. Products were determined by RP-HPLC to analyze effects of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy benzoic acid on COMT. Results Phloroglucinol had inhibitory effect on COMT activity at concentrations of 5í10-3 mol·L-1 ,1í10-3 mol·L-1 and 2 í10-4 mol ·L-1 ,with the inhibition rate being 25. 3% ,17. 6% and 8. 9% ,respectively. Conclusion Phloroglucinol has an inhibitory effect on COMT activity,which is weaker than the effect of catechol of the same concentration.

To investigate roles of nitric oxide (NO) signal in accumulations of phenolic acids in abscisic.acid (ABA)-induced Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots, S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots were treated with different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-an exogenous NO donor, for 6 days, and contents of phenolic acids in the hairy roots are determined. Then with treatment of ABA and NO scavenger (2-(4-carboxy-2-phenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1- oxyl-3-oxide, c-PTIO) or NO synthase inhibitor (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, L-NAME), contents of phenolic acids and expression levels of three key genes involved in phenolic acids biosynthesis were detected. Phenolic acids production in S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots was most significantly improved by 100 µmoL/L SNP. Contents of RA and salvianolic acid B increased by 3 and 4 folds. ABA significantly improved transcript levels of PAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase), TAT (tyrosine aminotransferase) and RAS (rosmarinic acid synthase), and increased phenolic acids accumulations. However, with treatments of ABA+c-PTIO or ABA+L-NAME, accumulations of phenolic acids and expression levels of the three key genes were significantly inhibited. Both NO and ABA can increase accumulations of phenolic acids in S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots. NO signal probably mediates the ABA-induced phenolic acids production.
Abscisic Acid ; pharmacology ; Benzofurans ; metabolism ; Free Radical Scavengers ; pharmacology ; Hydroxybenzoates ; metabolism ; Nitric Oxide ; metabolism ; Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase ; metabolism ; Plant Roots ; metabolism ; Salvia miltiorrhiza ; metabolism ; Tyrosine Transaminase ; metabolism

Objective To investigate the role of interleukin-1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1) signaling in H1N1 influenza virus infection. Methods IL-1R1 knockout ( IL-1R1-/-) mice and wild type ( WT) mice were infected intranasally with 2×104 TCID50(50% tissue culture infective dose) of influenza virus H1N1 PR8. Changes in clinical signs, survivals and bodyweights of those mice were monitored daily for 14 consecutive days. Three mice from each group were sacrificed at 3, 7 and 14 days post infection (d. p. i), from which whole lungs were harvested. A part of the lobes was fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for histopatho-logical assessment and the rest were split and stored at-80 centigrade for further analysis. Real-time quanti-tative PCR and cytometric bead array ( CBA) were performed to detect viral loads in lungs and inflammatory cytokines in supernatants of lung homogenates. Results The mice in both groups showed severe symptoms after the infection of PR8. The maximum bodyweight loss of IL-1R1-/- mice [(24. 22±0. 80) % at 8 d. p. i] was lower than that of WT mice [(28. 03±1. 51)% at 9 d. p. i] (P<0. 05). The IL-1R1-/- mice with PR8 infection showed a higher survival rate (90%) as compared with that of the control group (40%) (P<0. 05). No statistical differences in virus loads were observed between the two groups at 3, 7 and 14 d. p. i. The lung weight to body weight ratio of IL-1R1-/-mice [(1. 42±0. 03) %] was lower than that of WT mice [(1. 79±0. 08) %] at 3 d. p. i (P<0. 05). Pathological changes in IL-1R1-/- mice were less severe than those in WT mice. CBA detection assay revealed that the proinflammatory cytokines in lungs of IL-1R1-/-mice were less than those in WT mice. Conclusion IL-1R1 signaling plays a pathogenic role in mice infec-ted with 2×104 TCID50 of influenza virus PR8 by promoting inflammatory responses.

Background and purpose:Cervical cancer remains the second leading cause of death in gynecologic malignancies partially because of resistance to chemotherapy. Bufalin, a component of the traditional Chinese medicine Chansu, has been widely used in cancer treatment in China. This study aimed to investigate the effects of bufalin on inhibiting the proliferation of ME180 and C33A and explore its possible mechanism.Methods:The cytostatic effects of bufalin on ME180 and C33A cells were evaluated by CCK8 assay (cell counting kit-8). Glucose levels in ME180 and C33A cells were measured using glucose assay kit. Then the alterations of GLUT1 (glucose transporter 1) and HK2 (hexokinase 2) gene expression were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The expressions of proto-oncogene C-MYC and HIF1α (hypoxia-inducible factor 1α) were determined by Western blot.Results:According to the results of CCK-8, bufalin can significantly inhibit the proliferation of carcinoma cells ME180 and C33A (P=0.027,P=0.018). Test on glycometabolism indicated that glucose uptake in cells treated with bufalin decreased (P=0.034,P=0.036). Results from real-time PCR showed that the expression of glycometabolism related indicators GLUT1 (P=0.019) and HK2 (P=0.016) levels were signiifcantly down-regulated in bufalin treated group. Western blot showed that the expression of C-MYC and HIF1αin cells with bufalin treatment was down-regulated markedly.Conclusion:Bufalin can inhibit the proliferation of the cervical carcinoma cells ME180 and C33A through inhibition of their glucose metabolism.

Objective To explore the application value of real time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT-3DE) on right ventricular systolic function in patients with moderate and severe pulmonary hypertension (PH).Methods Twenty-five patients with moderate PH (group Ⅱ) and 25 patients with severe PH(group Ⅲ) were selected,30 normal cases were selected to be control group(group Ⅰ).Tricuspid annular systolic peak velocity (S'),right ventricular Tei index(RIMP),tricuspid annular planet systolic excursion(TAPSE) and right ventricular fractional area change(RVFAC) were measured by conventional ultrasound echocardiography.Right ventricular end diastolic volume (RVEDV),right ventricular end systolic volume (RVESV),right ventricular stroke volume (RVSV) and right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) were measured by RT-3DE.The correlation between all the parameters and pulmonary artery systolic blood pressure (PASP),and the correlation between RVEF and S',RIMP,TAPSE,RVFAC were analyzed respectively.Results The differences of RVEDV,RVESV,TAPSE,RVFAC in each group were all statistically significant (all P ＜0.01);RIMP,RVEF between group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ,as well as between group Ⅰ and group Ⅲ were statistically significant (all P ＜0.01);S',RVSV only between group Ⅰ and group Ⅲ was statistically significant (P ＜0.01).The correlation coefficients of RVEF and RIMP,S',TAPSE,RVFAC were-0.707,0.402,0.574,0.763,respectively (all P ＜ 0.01).The best parameters associated with RVEF in each group were RVFAC,RIMP,RVFAC,which correlation coefficients were 0.787,-0.679,0.744,respectively (all P ＜0.01).Conclusions RT-3DE is a objective and accurate method to evaluate the right ventricular volume and RVEF in patients with moderate and severe PH,and it can select out the sensitive indicators to evaluate those patients' right ventricular systolic function from conventional echocardiographic parameters,provide important reference value for clinical.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of the standardized follow-up protocol based on telemedicine follow-up system in patients after mechanical heart valve replacement. Methods: A prospective, nonrandomized, controlled clinical trial was performed on 109 patients who underwent mechanical heart valve replacement in the Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College from January 2017 to June 2017. They were divided into two groups according to patient's willingness, place of residence and whether have sufficient technical facilities (computer or mobile device connected to the internet), including 56 patients in the control group and 53 patients in the observation group. The control group received routine follow-up guidance, and the observation group received standardized follow-up protocol, which were followed up for 6 months. The patients in the two groups were analyzed with thromboembolism, hemorrhagic event and International normalized ratio (INR) related to anticoagulation therapy during the follow-up period, and the quality of early anticoagulation therapy was evaluated with Time in therapeutic range (TTR), and the satisfaction of the patients with anticoagulation therapy was investigated. Results: There was no significant difference in INR between the two groups during the follow-up period (P >0.05). The TTR of the control group and the observation group was 44.6% (4 516.6 d/10 127.0d) and 54.1% (5 576.1d/10 307 d), respectively, with statistically significant differences (t=-11.273, P < 0.05).There were no significant differences between the two groups in the anticoagulant complications, thromboembolism, hemorrhagic events (P > 0.05). There was significant difference between the observation group and the control group in overall satisfaction with anticoagulation therapy and helpful in answering the patients' questions (Z=6.42, 5.62, P < 0.05), while no statistically significant difference in service attitude to the follow-up period and satisfaction with the guidance that was provided (P > 0.05). Conclusion Standardized follow-up protocol based on telemedicine follow-up system is applied to patients after MHVR surgery, which is conducive to improving the quality of anticoagulant therapy and improving the satisfaction of patients, and providing reference for the development of "Internet + medical" mode in China.