The background,features,dimension and contents of 22 international appraisal tools for clinical guidelines were analyzed,and their history,evolution,rules and problems were described,in order to provide the evidence for developing appraisal tools for domestic clinical guidelines. In the study,it was found that the guideline evaluation tools have been classified and there is a constant strive to achieve the balance between comprehensiveness and practicability. But the existing evaluation tools are insufficient for clinical practical contents of guidelines. The scoring system should be improved. In addition,conflicts of interest,value choice and patients' involvement should be considered increasingly, and should become an important part of the guideline evaluation tools.

Objective To compare the consistency between the estimated values of nine common resting energy expenditure estimation equations and the measured values among the elderly population in pension institutions. Methods A total of 181 elderly individuals from Henan Guangda Ouan Leling Nursing Center were recruited as study objects through cluster sampling. The differences between the estimated values of nine common equations and the measured values obtained by indirect calorimetry were compared, and subgroup analyses were conducted to compare their consistency across different subgroups. Results Among the nine equations, the Cunningham equation and the Owen equation showed relatively small deviations from the measured values, with no significant differences (deviation rates of -1.9% and -2.0%, root mean square errors of 222.7 kcal/d and 239.4 kcal/d, and coincidence rates of 48.4% and 47.5%, respectively). In subgroups stratified by gender and body mass index (BMI), the Cunningham equation showed no significant difference compared with the measured values. The Owen equation showed no significant difference compared with the measured values only in some subgroups [males with BMI of 20~ < 27 kg/m² and ≥27 kg/m², and females with BMI < 20 kg/m²]. Conclusion The Cunningham equation, which utilizes body composition data, can assess the resting energy expenditure of the elderly in pension institutions with relatively high accuracy and speed, demonstrating strong applicability in this population.

Objective:To describe for the determination of contents of metabolites of benzene compounds in urine sample by high performance liquid chromatography.Methods:After acidification with hydrochloric acid, metabolites in urine were first extracted by acetonitrile and isopropanol (V∶V, 9∶1) with excessive sodium chloride, then gradient separated on a C18 column and then determined by DAD detector.Results:There were good linear relationship between peak areas and injection quality in range of 2.00-100 mg/L ( r>0.999). The detection limit and quantitative limit of this method were 4.15-70.7 μg/L and 13.8-235 μg/L respectively. The precision for the analysis of urine was1.78%-8.23% ( n =6). The average recovery of metabolites was 85.4%-105.5% at thee spiked levels in the range of 2.00-100 mg/L. Conclusion:The accuracy and reproducibility obtained make this method useful for the biological monitoring of occupational exposure to toluene, xylene, styrene and ethylbenzene.

Objective:To describe for the determination of contents of metabolites of benzene compounds in urine sample by high performance liquid chromatography.Methods:After acidification with hydrochloric acid, metabolites in urine were first extracted by acetonitrile and isopropanol (V∶V, 9∶1) with excessive sodium chloride, then gradient separated on a C18 column and then determined by DAD detector.Results:There were good linear relationship between peak areas and injection quality in range of 2.00-100 mg/L ( r>0.999). The detection limit and quantitative limit of this method were 4.15-70.7 μg/L and 13.8-235 μg/L respectively. The precision for the analysis of urine was1.78%-8.23% ( n =6). The average recovery of metabolites was 85.4%-105.5% at thee spiked levels in the range of 2.00-100 mg/L. Conclusion:The accuracy and reproducibility obtained make this method useful for the biological monitoring of occupational exposure to toluene, xylene, styrene and ethylbenzene.