The oral and maxillofacial region is a highly complex area composed of multiple tissue types and bears various critical functions of the human body. Diseases in this region pose significant diagnostic and management challenges; therefore, exploring new strategies for early diagnosis, targeted treatment, and tissue reconstruction is key to improving patient prognosis and quality of life. Extracellular vesicles are a group of heterogeneous lipid-bilayer membrane structures secreted by most cell types, including exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. Present in various body fluids and tissues, they act as messengers via the transfer of nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites to recipient cells. To date, studies have revealed the different roles of extracellular vesicles in physiological or pathological processes, as well as applications in disease diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. The importance and tissue specificity of the dental and maxillofacial tissues indicate that extracellular vesicles derived from this region are promising for further research. This paper reviews the published data on extracellular vesicles derived from cells, body fluids, and tissues in oral and maxillofacial regions, summarizes the latest advances in extracellular vesicles from extensive sources, and concludes with a focus on the current research progress and application prospects of engineered exosomes in oral science.
Humans ; Extracellular Vesicles/physiology* ; Mouth ; Exosomes/physiology*

Objective:This study aimed to clarify the clinical characteristics of children infected with rhinovirus in the context of the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and to explore the impact of recent COVID-19 infection history on their clinical features.Methods:Clinical data and laboratory test result of 286 children diagnosed with rhinovirus infection at Hangzhou Children′s Hospital from July 2022 to October 2023 were collected. A retrospective survey was conducted to determine whether all study participants had a history of COVID-19 infection within the 6 months prior to hospitalization.Results:Among the 286 children with rhinovirus infection, 180 (62.94%) had simple rhinovirus infection, while 106 (37.06%) had co-infections with other pathogens; Among the 180 rhinovirus simplex-positive children, 56.67% had wheezing symptoms; among them, 15 cases (15/180, 8.33%) were diagnosed with acute asthma attacks; 7 cases (7/180, 3.88%) were diagnosed with severe pneumonia. Based on whether the children had a history of COVID-19 infection in the 6 months prior to hospitalization, they were divided into a group with previous COVID-19 infection and a group without previous COVID-19 infection. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of gender, age of onset, peak fever, incidence of wheezing, incidence of pneumonia, proportion of severe pneumonia, proportion of severe asthma attacks, duration of fever, time to relief of wheezing, length of stay, white blood cell count, eosinophil count, C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, immunoglobulin E, oxygen therapy requirements, and use of intravenous steroids ( P>0.05). Conclusions:A history of COVID-19 infection in the past 6 months does not exacerbate the clinical symptoms of children with rhinovirus infection, nor does it increase the incidence of wheezing.

Important anatomical structures such as mandibular incisive canal,tongue foramen,and mouth floor vessels may be damaged during implant surgery in the mandibular anterior region,which may lead to mouth floor hematoma,asphyxia,pain,paresthesia and other symptoms.In severe cases,this can be life-threatening.The insufficient alveolar bone space and the anatomical variation of blood vessels and nerves in the mandibular anterior region increase the risk of blood vessel and nerve injury during implant surgery.In case of vascular injury,airway control and hemostasis should be performed,and in case of nerve injury,implant removal and early medical treatment should be performed.To avoid vascular and nerve injury during implant surgery in the mandibular anterior region,it is necessary to be familiar with the anatomical structure,take cone-beam computed tomography,design properly before surgery,and use digital technology during surgery to achieve accurate implant placement.This article summarizes the anatomical structure of the mandibular anterior region,discusses the prevention strategies of vascular and nerve injuries in this region,and discusses the treatment methods after the occurrence of vascular and nerve injuries,to provide clinical reference.

The canalis sinuosus,a canal containing the anterior superior alveolar nerve bundle,originates from the infraorbital canal and extends along the maxillary sinus and nasal cavity edges to the anterior maxilla.It was once regarded as an anatomical variation.However,with the widespread application of cone beam computed tomography(CBCT),the detection rate of canalis sinuosus in the population has increased.The canalis sinuosus exhibits diverse courses,branching into multiple accessory canals and terminating at the nasal floor or the anterior tooth region,with the majority traversing the palatal side of the central incisor.The anterior superior alveolar nerve bundle within the canalis sinuosus not only innervates and nourishes the maxillary anterior teeth and the corresponding soft tissues,and the maxillary sinus mucosa,but also relates to the nasal septum,lateral nasal wall,and parts of the palatal mucosa.To minimize surgical complications,strategies for preventing and treating canalis sinuosus injuries need to be investigated.Preoperatively,CBCT is used to identify the canalis sinuosus and to virtually design implant placement at a distance of more than 2 mm from the canalis sinuosus.Intraoperatively,assessing bleeding and patient comfort,complemented by precision surgical techniques such as the use of implant surgical guide plates.Postoperatively,CBCT is used to examine the relationship between the implant and the canalis sinuosus,and treatment of canalis sinuosus injuries can be tailored based on the patient's symptoms.This review summarizes the detection of canalis sinuosus in the population,its anatomical characteristics,and the physiological functions in the anterior maxilla,and discusses strategies for avoiding canalis sinuosus injuries during implant surgery,thereby enhancing clinical awareness and providing references for clinical decision-making.

Objective To analysis the effectiveness and cost of Internet-based anticoagulation clinic versus traditional anticoagulation clinic treatment at Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods We reviewed and analyzed the clinical data of patients receiving anticoagulation management through Internet-based outpatient care and traditional outpatient care in Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital,from June 1,2020 to June 30,2021.Variability in time in therapeutic range(TTR)and international normalized ratio(INR)were calculated for enrolled patients.Patients meeting TTR≥60%and INR variability<0.65 were considered optimal anticoagulation quality.Cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted from the patients'perspective,with results expressed using the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio(ICER).Results In the"Internet-based anticoagulation outpatient care"and"traditional face-to-face anticoagulation outpatient care"groups,19 individuals(67.86%)and 67 individuals(76.14%)met the criteria for optimal anticoagulation quality,respectively.The mean TTR was(71.83±19.17)%in the Internet-based group and(71.74±23.41)%in the traditional face-to-face group,indicating similar levels of warfarin anticoagulation quality between the two groups.The ICER was calculated as 327.17 yuan,less than the per capita gross domestic product(GDP)of 2021.Conclusion During the COVID-19 pandemic,Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital's Internet-based anticoagulation outpatient care effectively complemented the government's epidemic control policies.It ensured equivalent anticoagulation outcomes and significantly reduced patients'financial burdens.This approach offers new insights and guidance for optimizing healthcare services in the post-pandemic era.

BACKGROUND: The burden of esophageal cancer varies across different regions of the world. The aim of this study is to analyze the current burden of esophageal cancer in 185 countries in 2022 and to project the trends up to the year 2050. METHODS: We extracted data on primary esophageal cancer cases and deaths from the GLOBOCAN 2022 database, which includes data from 185 countries. Age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) and mortality rates (ASMR) per 100,000 person-years were calculated by stratifying by Human Development Index (HDI) levels and regions. Considering changes in population size and age structure, we assumed that the risks of incidence and mortality remain constant at the levels of 2022 to forecast the number of new cases and deaths from esophageal cancer globally by 2050. RESULTS: In 2022, an estimated 511,054 people were diagnosed with esophageal cancer globally, and 445,391 died from the disease. The global ASIR and ASMR for esophageal cancer were 5.00 and 4.30 per 100,000, respectively. The highest rates were observed in East Africa (7.60 for incidence, 7.20 for mortality per 100,000), East Asia (7.60 for incidence, 5.90 for mortality per 100,000), Southern Africa (6.30 for incidence, 5.90 for mortality per 100,000), and South Central Asia (5.80 for incidence, 5.50 for mortality per 100,000). Among the 185 countries worldwide, esophageal cancer was among the top five causes of cancer incidence in 18 countries and among the top five causes of cancer mortality in 25 countries. In 2022, China had 224,012 new cases and 187,467 deaths from esophageal cancer, accounting for approximately 43.8% and 42.1% of the global total, respectively, which is higher than the proportion of China's population to the global population (17.9%). ASIR was 8.30 per 100,000, and ASMR was 6.70 per 100,000. The highest burden of esophageal cancer was in high HDI countries, with new cases and deaths accounting for 51.3% and 50.0% of the global total, respectively. The ASIR and ASMR were highest in the high HDI group (6.10 and 5.10 per 100,000, respectively), also exceeding the global averages. There was a trend of decreasing mortality to incidence ratio with increasing HDI, but no correlation was observed between HDI and ASIR or ASMR. In all regions worldwide, the incidence and mortality rates were higher in males than in females (with a male-to-female ASR ratio ranging from 1.10 to 28.7). Compared to 2022, it is projected that by 2050, the number of new esophageal cancer cases will increase by approximately 80.5%, and deaths will increase by 85.4% due to population growth and aging. CONCLUSIONS The burden of esophageal cancer remains heavy. Adopting a healthy lifestyle, including reducing tobacco and alcohol intake, avoiding moldy foods, and increasing intake of fresh fruits and vegetables, can help reduce the risk of stomach and esophageal cancer. In addition, the development and implementation of evidence-based and effective public health policies are critical to reducing the global disease burden of esophageal cancer.
Esophageal Neoplasms/mortality* ; Humans ; Male ; Incidence ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Global Health ; Aged ; Adult

The development, progression, and curative efficacy of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) are influenced by complex interactions between epithelial and immune cells. Nevertheless, the specific changes in the nature of these interactions and their underlying molecular mechanisms in HNSCC are not yet fully understood. Cuproptosis, a form of programmed cell death that is dependent on copper, has been implicated in cancer pathogenesis. However, the understanding of cuproptosis in the context of HNSCC remains limited. In this study, we have discovered that cuproptosis-related long non-coding RNAs (CRLs) known as JPX play a role in promoting the expression of the oncogene urokinase-type plasminogen activator (PLAU) by competitively binding to miR-193b-3p in HNSCC. The increased activity of the JPX/miR-193b-3p/PLAU axis in malignant epithelial cells leads to enhanced cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in HNSCC. Moreover, the overexpression of PLAU in tumor epithelial cells facilitates its interaction with the receptor PLAUR, predominantly expressed on macrophages, thereby influencing the abnormal epithelial-immune interactome in HNSCC. Notably, the JPX inhibitor Axitinib and the PLAU inhibitor Palbociclib may not only exert their effects on the JPX/miR-193b-3p/PLAU axis that impacts the malignant tumor behaviors and the epithelial-immune cell interactions but also exhibit synergistic effects in terms of suppressing tumor cell growth and arresting cell cycle by targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK4/6) for the treatment of HNSCC.
Humans ; MicroRNAs/metabolism* ; RNA, Long Noncoding/metabolism* ; Head and Neck Neoplasms/metabolism* ; Cell Proliferation ; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck/genetics* ; Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator/genetics* ; Cell Movement ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic ; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics* ; Neoplasm Invasiveness

Alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) has developed rapidly as a method for preserving the alveolar socket's bone volume after tooth extraction. ARP can create conditions for implant restoration, and reduce operation difficulties by decreasing alveolar ridge absorption. There are certain difficulties of ARP applicationin patients with tooth extracted due to periodontitis. This paper mainly introduces the characteristics of ARP, compares the similarities and differences among ARP, guided tissue regeneration, guided bone regeneration and immediate implant, and then summarizes their advantages and disadvantages. The paper focuses on the specificity of ARP and the progress of ARP application in patients with tooth extracted due to periodontitis, in order to offer direction for clinical application and future research on ARP.

Based on the in-depth analysis of the defects of the existing traditional chair-side teaching and simulation examination for the oral residency training students, this paper designs an online typical case teaching module for teaching practice. After the teaching, the examination results reveal that the use of online teaching tool can improve the clinical thinking and decision-making ability, and strengthen the clinical thinking process. The questionnaire results show that most residents are satisfied with the online teaching. All in all, the online teaching mode in this study is conducive to increasing the breadth and depth of case teaching, facilitating the process and visualization of clinical thinking, and improving the clinical decision-making ability of the typical cases of the residency training students, so as to achieve the goal of training residents with great post competences.

As the National Health Commission changes the management of novel corona virus infection, the situation and preventive policies for controlling the epidemic have also entered a new stage in China. Perioperative care strategies for orthopedic trauma such as designated isolation and nucleic acid test screening have also been adjusted in the new stage. Based on the perioperative work experiences in the new stage of epidemic from the frontline anti-epidemic staff of orthopedics in domestic hospitals and combined with the literature and relevant evidence-based medical data in perioperative care of orthopedic trauma patients under the current anti-epidemic policies at home and abroad, Chinese Orthopedic Association and Chinese Society of Traumatology organized relevant experts to formulate the Guideline for clinical perioperative care of orthopedic trauma patients in the new stage of novel corona virus infection ( version 2023). The guideline summarized 16 recommendations from the aspects of preoperative diagnosis and treatment, infection prevention, emergency operation and postoperative management to systematically standardize the perioperative clinical pathways, diagnosis and treatment processes of orthopedic trauma in the new stage of novel corona virus infection, so as to provide a guidance and reference for hospitals at all levels to carry out relevant work in current epidemic control policies.