Objective To explore the risk factors and outcomes associated with pulmonary hemorrhage in very low and extremely low birth weight infants.Methods Retrospective analysis were performed to predict risk factors for pulmonary hemorrhage in very low and extremely low birth weight infants (birth weight less than 1200g) admitted to NICU of Shengjing Hospital from Jan.2010 to Dec.2015.Infants at similar birth weight without pulmonary hemorrhage were as controls.We compared the characteristics of both maternal and infants.Multivariable Logistic regression models were derived to predict pulmonary hemorrhage.Short outcomes of the infants were assessed.Results Of the 435 neonates,71 developed pulmonary hemorrhage (pulmonary hemorrhage group),364 were as controls (control group).Gestational age[(28.2±1.7)week],birth weight[(936±192)g] in pulmonary hemorrhage group were significantly lower than those in control group[(29.5±2.1)week,(1033±134)g,t=4.776,5.145,P<0.01].Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome(RDS)(76.1%),pulmonary surfactant (PS)use(PS use≥2 courses)[76.1%(9.9%)],patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)(66.2%)were significantly higher than those in control group[41.2%,30.8%(4.1%),38.7%;χ2=33.457,28.970(4.074),32.798,P<0.05].Antenatal corticosteroids utility ratio (21.1%)was lower than that in the control group (41.2%;t=10.177,P< 0.001).Multiple factors Logistic stepwise regression analysis showed that RDS (OR=3.739,95%CI 1.383-10.113,P<0.05 ),PDA (OR=2.206,95%CI 1.205-4.093,P<0.05),and 5 minutes Apgar score <7(OR=2.851,95%CI 1.191-6.828) were independent risk factors of pulmonary hemorrhage,and higher birth weight (OR=0.998,95%CI 0.996-1.000,P<0.05) and the use of antenatal corticosteroids (OR=0.432,95%CI 0.224-0.834,P<0.05) were the protection factors in pulmonary hemorrhage.In pulmonary hemorrhage group,the incidence of intracranial hemorrhage,retinopathy of prematurity and severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia(16.9%,12.7% and 18.3%) were significantly higher than those in control group (5.8%,4.4% and 2.2%;χ2=36.824,7.520 and 33.568,P<0.01);Compared to control group,the mortality in pulmonary hemorrhage group was higher (49.3% vs.14.0%;χ2=46.634,P<0.01).Conclusion Pulmonary hemorrhage in very low and extremely low birth weight infants is associated with multiple factors.Prevention of premature birth and prenatal corticosteroids treatment can help prevent the occurrence of pulmonary hemorrhage.The incidences of poor outcomes are higher in newborns with pulmonary hemorrhage.

Objective To explore the risk factors and short outcomes associated with late-onset sep-sis (LOS) in very low and extremely low birth weight infants.Methods Retrospective analysis were per-formed to predict risk factors for LOS in very low and extremely low birth weight infants (birth weight less than 1 200 g) admitted to NICU of Shengjing Hospital from Jan 2010 to Dec 2015.Infants with similar birth weight without LOS were as controls.We compared the characteristics of maternal and neonatal periods in both groups.Multivariable Logistic regression models were derived to predict LOS sepsis.Short outcomes of the infants were assessed.Results Total of 381 very low birth weight infants were admitted during the study period.LOS occurred in 138 infants(36.2%,138/381),who developed sepsis at a mean age of (19.8 ± 11.0)days;the mean gestational age,birth weight and hospitalization time were(29.4 ± 2.1)week,1 064 (953,1 126)g and 55(43,72)d.Other 243 cases were control,mean gestational age,brith weight and hospi-talization time were(29.3 ± 2.0)week,1 060(955,1 144)g and 49(37,63)d.Ninety-seven cases had posi-tive blood culture(70.3%,97/138) in LOS group.Out of the 138 cases of LOS,8 cases(5.8%,8/138) died from their sepsis with a positive blood culture.Infants with LOS were more likely to have a long-term use of ventilation and peripherally inserted central catheteh(PICC),the failure of early enteral feeding,delayed com-plete enteral feeding time and the longer hospital stays compared to uninfected infants.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that long-term use of PICC(OR 1.039,95%CI 1.012-1.067,P=0.004)was an independent risk factor for LOS in very low birth weitht infants. Septic infants,compared with nonseptic infants,had significantly more serious morbidity,including white matter damage(20.3% vs.10.3%),necro-tizing enterocolitis(9.4% vs.2.9%),retinopathy of prematurity(10.9% vs.3.7%),and cholestatic jaun-dice(19.6% vs.11.9%)(P<0.05).Conclusion A number of factors are related to LOS.LOS is associated with poor prognosis of preterm infants.Long-time PICC is a risk factor for LOS.

Objective To establish a human α-synuclein nuclear localization signal transgenic mouse model and investigate the effects of α-synuclein nuclear localization on the behavior of mice.Methods Human α-synuclein nuclear localization signal and EGFP lentiviral vectors were constructed.Transgenic mice were created with the microinjection method.Using PCR and Western Blot method to identify the genotypes and protein expression of the transgenic founder mice and their offsprings.The immunofluorescence was used to examine the localization of human α-synuclein in the mouse brain tissue.The behavioral changes of the transgenic mice were evaluated by the open field test,rotarod test,and O maze test.Results The h SNCA-NLS gene was successfully inserted into the mouse genome,the human α-syn was successfully expressed,and the human α-syn has localized with the nuclear.Further studies found that human α-synuclein nuclear localization signal transgenic mice had significant motor dysfunction,astrocyte proliferation and inflammatory response at 2 months of age and exhibited significant anxiety-like symptoms and reduced expression of the γ-aminobutyric acid(GABA)gene at 9 months of age,which persisted until 12 months of age.Conclusions A human α-synuclein nuclear localization signal transgenic mouse model has been successfully established.The mice exhibit significant motor dysfunction and anxiety-like symptoms.The successful establishment of this model provides a foundation for studying the role of α-syn nuclear localization in Parkinson's disease.

Myopia is becoming more and more common all over the world, and the incidence of myopia is gradually increasing. Many treatments have been used to prevent and control myopia, including optics, drugs, environment or behavior, but the results are different and lack standardization. At present, many experiments have proved that peripheral defocus technology has a certain effect on myopia control. Based on this technology, three kinds of framed eyeglass lenses with peripheral defocus design, namely defocus incorporated multiple segments(DIMS), highly aspherical lenslets(HAL)and cylindrical annular reactive elements(CARE), are commonly used in medical and optometry institutions in China. These lenses provide not only clear vision in the central area, but also a certain amount of myopic defocus in the periphery to control the progression of myopia. This paper aims to focus on the design principle and myopia prevention and control effect of the above three peripheral defocus lenses, and evaluate their effectiveness in clinical practice.