Objective To investigate the effects of cardioplegic solution containing different concentrations of emulsified isoflurane on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in isolated rat hearts. Methods Fifty-six male SD rats, weighing 180-250 g, were anesthetized with intraperitoneal 20% urethane 1 g/kg and heparin 1 000 U/kg. Their hearts were excised and perfused in a Langendorff apparatus. Fifty-six isolated hearts were randomly divided into 7 groups ( n = 8 each) : St. Thomas cardioplegic solution group (group C) and St. Thomas cardioplegic solution containing 6 different concentrations of emulsified isoflurane groups (group E1-6 ). After 20 min equilibration, cardiac arrest was induced with St. Thomas cardioplegic solution 20 ml and St. Thomas cardioplegic solution containing 0.28, 0.56, 1.12, 1.68, 2.24 and 2.80 mmol/L emulsified isoflurane 20 ml at 4℃for 45 min followed by 60 min reperfusion in group C and E1-6 respectively. HR, left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) and + dp/dtmax were recorded at the end of 20 min equilibration, 20, 40 and 60 min of reperfusion. Coronary effluent 1.5 ml was collected for determination of LDH and SOD activity and the concentration of cTnI. At the end of 60 min reperfusion, the area of myocardial infarction was calculated. Results Compared with group C, HR, LVDP, + dp/dtmax and SOD activity were significantly higher, LVEDP, LDH activity and cTnI concentration lower, and the area of myocardial infarction lower in group E4, and HR, LVDP, + dp/dtmax and SOD activity were significantly lower, LVEDP, LDH activity and cTnI concentration higher, and the area of myocardial infarction higher in group E6 and E6 ( P < 0.05) , but there was no significant difference in the above indices between group E1-3 and group C ( P > 0.05) . HR, LVDP, + dp/dtmax and SOD activity were significantly lower, LVEDP, LDH activity and cTnI concentration higher, and the area of myocardial infarction higher in group E1-3-5-6 than in group E4 (P < 0.05 ). Conclusion St. Thomas cardioplegic solution containing 1.68 mmol/L emulsified isoflurane can attenuate myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in isolatede rat hearts.

OBJECTIVETo compare the sedative effects of different doses of dexmedetomidine (DEX) and midazolam (MDZ) in dental implant surgery:

METHODSSixty patients undergoing dental implantation were selected and divided randomly into six groups (10 in each group). In group 1 (G1), a highdose of MDZ alone was administered intravenously. In group 2 (G2), a relatively low dose of MDZ and DEX was administered intravenously. In group 3 (G3), a highdose of MDZ and DEX was administered intravenously. In group 4 (G4), a lowdose of MDZ and a highdose of DEX were administered. In group 5(G5), a highdose of MDZ and a low dose of DEX were administered. In group 6 (G6), a highdose of DEX alone was administered intravenously. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), and arterial oxygen saturation values were measured. Sedation was assessed by determining the Ramsay sedation scores(RSS) during infiltration anesthesia (T1), incision (T2), cutting (T3), and suturing (T4). Before discharging from the hospital, patients were asked if they remembered the T1 to T4 procedures. The visual analogue scale (VAS) and the degree of patient satisfaction were assessed at the same time.

RESULTSIn T1 to T4, the systolic blood pressure (SBP) in G3 was the lowest and was significantly different from that in G1 and G2 (P < 0.05). In G1, the SBP was higher than that in G6 at the T3 and T4 points (P < 0.05). HR was below the preoperative (P < 0.05) in the G3 only. RSS was the lowest in G1 during the whole procedure. In G2, most patients obtained scores of 2-3. In G3, sedation was deeper, had more cases ofup to 5. In G4, most patients obtained scores of 3-4. In G5, some patients had a score of up to 5. The RSS in G6 was lower than that in G3 and G4 or G5 in T1 to T2, closer to G4 in T2. An evaluation of the VAS and the degree of patient satisfaction did not show any differences among the groups.

CONCLUSIONThe combination of DEX and MDZ is superior to a single intravenous injection. Low-dose MDZ combined with high-dose DEX achieved the highest quality of sedation in this study.

Anesthesia ; Blood Pressure ; Dental Care ; Dental Implants ; Dexmedetomidine ; therapeutic use ; Heart Rate ; Humans ; Hypnotics and Sedatives ; therapeutic use ; Midazolam ; therapeutic use ; Pain Measurement ; Patient Satisfaction ; Prospective Studies

Objective To investigate the effect and the mechanism of parecoxib sodium pretreatment on permeability of blood-brain barrier in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.Methods Sixty male SD rats weighing 300g were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=12 each):sham operation group (group S);focal cerebral I/R group (group I/R);parecoxib sodium 5 mg/kg pretreatment group (group L);parecoxib sodium7.5mg/kg pretreatment group (group M);parecoxib sodium 10 mg/kg pretreatment group (group H) Middle cerebral artery occlusion models were made by reforming Longa suture method in SD rats.Thirty minutes before ischemia,rats in group L,M and H were injected with 5 mg/kg、7.5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg parecoxib sodium through the internal jugular vein.Group S and group I/R received equal volume of normal saline.ELISA technique was used to determine the content of S100 β,TNF-α,IL-1 β in Plasma.The changes of cerebral water content and the Evans Blue exudation from brain capillaries were observed.Results Pretreated with parecoxib sodium (5mg/kg、7.5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg),the content of S100 β,TNF-α,II-1 β in plasma were reduced.The cerebral water content and the EB in brain were reduced.Pretreated with parecoxib sodium 10 mg/kg,Longa scores were reduced.Conclusion Pretreatment with Parecoxib can protect blood-brain barrier against focal cerebral I/R injury by inhibition of the inflammatory reaetion.

ObjectiveTo?compare?the?sedative?effects?of?different?doses?of?dexmedetomidine?(DEX)?and?midazolam?(MDZ)?in?dental?implant?surgery.?Methods???Sixty?patients?undergoing?dental?implantation?were?selected?and?divided?randomly?into?six?groups?(10?in?each?group).?In?group?1?(G1),?a?highdose?of?MDZ?alone?was?administered?intravenously.?In?group?2?(G2),?a?relatively?low?dose?of?MDZ?and?DEX?was?administered?intravenously.?In?group?3?(G3),?a?highdose?of?MDZ?and?DEX?was?ad-ministered?intravenously.?In?group?4?(G4),?a?lowdose?of?MDZ?and?a?highdose?of?DEX?were?administered.?In?group?5(G5),?a?highdose?of?MDZ?and?a?low?dose?of?DEX?were?administered.?In?group?6?(G6),?a?highdose?of?DEX?alone?was?administered?intravenously.?Blood?pressure?(BP),?heart?rate?(HR),?and?arterial?oxygen?saturation?values?were?measured.?Sedation?was?as-sessed?by?determining?the?Ramsay?sedation?scores(RSS)?during?infiltration?anesthesia?(T1),?incision?(T2),?cutting?(T3),?and?suturing?(T4).?Before?discharging?from?the?hospital,?patients?were?asked?if?they?remembered?the?T1?to?T4?procedures.?The?visual?analogue?scale?(VAS)?and?the?degree?of?patient?satisfaction?were?assessed?at?the?same?time.?Results???In?T1?to?T4,?the?systolic?blood?pressure?(SBP)?in?G3?was?the?lowest?and?was?significantly?different?from?that?in?G1?and?G2?(P<0.05).?In?G1,?the?SBP?was?higher?than?that?in?G6?at?the?T3?and?T4?points?(P<0.05).?HR?was?below?the?preoperative?(P<0.05)?in?the?G3?only.?RSS?was?the?lowest?in?G1?during?the?whole?procedure.?In?G2,?most?patients?obtained?scores?of?2–3.?In?G3,?sedation?was?deeper,?had?more?cases?of?up?to?5.?In?G4,?most?patients?obtained?scores?of?3–4.?In?G5,?some?patients?had?a?score?of?up?to?5.?The?RSS?in?G6?was?lower?than?that?in?G3?and?G4?or?G5?in?T1?to?T2,?closer?to?G4?in?T2.?An?evaluation?of?the?VAS?and?the?degree?of?patient?satisfaction?did?not?show?any?differences?among?the?groups.?Conclusion???The?combination?of?DEX?and?MDZ?is?superior?to?a?single?intravenous?injection.?Low-dose?MDZ?combined?with?high-dose?DEX?achieved?the?highest?quality?of?sedation?in?this?study.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of parecoxib on hippocampal inflammation and short-term memory function after splenectomy in aged rats.
 METHODS: A total of 90 aged male SD rats were randomly divided into 9 groups (all n=10): a control group (Group C), an anesthesia day 1 group (A1 group), an operation day 1 group (O1 group), a saline day 1 group (S1 group), a parecoxib day 1 group (P1 group), an anesthesia day 3 group (A3 group), an operation day 3 group (O3 group), a saline day 3 group (S3 group), and a parecoxib day 3 group (P3 group). In the A1 group and A3 group, rats were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital sodium. Under anesthesia condition, rats in the O1 group and O3 group underwent splenectomy. One hour before splenectomy, rats in the P1 group and P3 group received parecoxib injection of 10 mg/kg via tail vein. In the S1 group and S3 group, rats received the same dose of saline. The rats were trained for 5 days in shuttle box before anesthesia, surgery and drug treatment. After shuttle box test, the rats were killed at postoperative 1 and 3 d. The hippocampus was isolated to measure the CD11b expression by immunofluorescent staining, and TNF-α, IL-1 and COX-2 mRNA expression by RT-PCR.
 RESULTS: Compared with the Group C, the electric shock time was increased in the O1 and O3 groups, but the active escape time was shortened and the active avoidance reaction (AAR) was decreased (all P<0.01). Compared with the O1 or O3 group, the electric shock time was shortened, the active escape time and AAR was increased in the P1 or P3 group (all P<0.05). There were more CD11b positive cells and TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2 mRNA expression in hippocampus in the O1, O3, S1 or S3 group compared with the Group C (all P<0.01). Both CD11b positive cells and TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2 mRNA expression were decreased in the P1 or P3 group compared with that in the O1 or O3 group (all P<0.01). 
 CONCLUSION The parecoxib could reduce hippocampal inflammation and improve short-term memory function through the inhibition of COX-2 expression in aged rats after splenectomy.
Animals ; Cyclooxygenase 2 ; Hippocampus ; Inflammation ; Interleukin-1beta ; Isoxazoles ; Male ; Memory ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Splenectomy ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha