Objective To evaluate the causation and management of complications caused by enteral nutrition (EN)after stomach cancer surgery.Methods The clinical data of 195 gastric cancer patients which used EN after surgery were analyzed retrospectively from September 2002 to April 2008 in our hospital.Results Among the 195 patients,29(14.87%)developed abdominal distention,17(8.71%)diarrhoea,Six(3.07%)metabolic complica tions,three anastomotie leakage,1 patient with colon perforation.Conclusion These complications caused by EN after stomach cancer surgery associated with the stress of surgery,the speed and concentration of nutrition infusion, patients'metabolic conditions and other related factors.

The adverse health effects of fine particles in the air pollution has been confirmed, and health consequences induced by ultrafine particles (mass media aerodynamic diameter<0.1 micrometer), which was also known as nanoparticles, was drawing an increasing attention by researchers. Firstly, this review discussed the sources and physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles in the atmosphere in China. And then we focused on the biological effects and potential toxicity mechanisms of some common nanoparticles in the atmosphere on the major tissues and organs. Finally, the research focus of the nano particles in air pollutants was also presented.

The adverse health effects of fine particles in the air pollution has been confirmed, and health consequences induced by ultrafine particles (mass media aerodynamic diameter<0.1 micrometer), which was also known as nanoparticles, was drawing an increasing attention by researchers. Firstly, this review discussed the sources and physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles in the atmosphere in China. And then we focused on the biological effects and potential toxicity mechanisms of some common nanoparticles in the atmosphere on the major tissues and organs. Finally, the research focus of the nano particles in air pollutants was also presented.

BACKGROUND:Reports have demonstrated that cytotoxicity produced by ferric oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles is associated with cellular lipid peroxidation. Whether Fe2O3 nanoparticles have toxicity to macrophages, and what is the association of toxic mechanism and oxidization?OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of different concentrations of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on the oxidative damage of macrophages.DESIGN: A controlled observation experiment.SETTING: School of Public Health, Southeast University.MATERIALS: RAW264.7 cells were peritoneal macrophages of mouse and purchased from Shanghai Institute of cells, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Fe2O3 nanoparticles (30 nm) suspension was provided by Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southeast University). Fe2O3 nanoparticle suspension was placed in 60 ℃ water for 10 hours,then in 37 ℃ water overnight. This procedure was repeated 3 times for germicidal treatment. Then, the suspension was packed into small bottles and stored at 4 ℃ for later use. DMEM high glucose culture fluid (Gibco Company,USA); trypsinase (Difco Company, USA, imported); new-bom calf serum(Sijiqing Company, Hangzhou); hydrogen dioxide (H2O2, Gibco Company); Kits for measuring hydrogen dioxide(H2O2), hydroxy radical (·OH), superoxide anion radical (O2·-), lactic acid dehydrogenase, ultramicro ATP enzyme and Coomassie brilliant blue protein levels (Jiancheng Biotechnique Co., Ltd.,Nanjing).METHODS: This experiment was carried out in the laboratory of Department of Labor and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Dongnan University between March 2006 and July 2006. RAW264.7 cells (Abelson murine leukemia virus-induced tumor) were cultured in DMEM (Gibco Company) containing 100 g/L fetal bovineserum, 100 000 U/L penicillin and 100 mg/L streptomycin in the environment of 5% CO2. Cell growth was observed under an inverted radical in the cells: 1.5×108 L-1 macrophages were inoculated to 24-well plate, 1 mLa well. After the macrophages were cultured for 24 hours in incubation at 37 ℃ in a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2. 1.070 0, 0.5350 and 0.2675 g/L Fe2O3 nanoparticles (30 nm) suspension-intervened macrophages were set as Fe2O3 nanoparticle group, and normal saline group was set as control group. Following the intervention of nanoparticles, macrophages were disrupted with Determination of the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase: Macrophages in the Fe2O3 nanoparticle group and control group were treated as above. The activities of LDH in culture medium were determined according to the instruction of reagent kit (Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Co., Ltd). And the activities of Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca+-Mg2+-ATPase were also determined according to the instruction of reagent kit (Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Co., Ltd) at low temperature. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: ①Effects of different concentrations of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on the production of H2O2, ·OH and O2·- in RAW264.7 cells.②Effects of different concentrations of Fe2O3 nanoparticles on the activities of LDH ,Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase in RAW264.7 cell culture fluid.RESULTS: ① Level of ·OH free radical in Fe2O3 nanoparticle 0.267 5, 0.535 0, 1.070 0 g/L groups was higher than that in control group, respectively [(0.605±0.066), (0.410±0.080), (0.764±0.051), (0.285±0.057)mkat/g, P ＜ 0.05]; Level of respectively [(9.935±1.159), (8.912±0.131), (13.479±0.752), (5.635±0.475)μkat/g,P ＜ 0.05]; Level of H2O2 in Fe2O3 nanoparticle 1.070 0 g/L group was higher than that in the control group [(14.695±2.815), (2.397±0.399) mmol/L, P ＜increased (P ＜ 0.05). Fe2O3 nanoparticles had effects on the activities of Na+,K+-ATPase and Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase. With the increase of dose of Fe2O3 nanoparticles, the activities of Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase were gradually decreased. There were significant differences as compared with control group (P ＜ 0.05)CONCLUSION:Increasing dose of Fe2O3 nanoparticles wouldcause more H2O2,·OH and O2·- free radicals in the cells, increase cell membrane permeability and inhibit the activities of LDH, Na+-K+-ATPase and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase.

Objective: To observe morphological changes of epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the early stage of mice renal interstitial fibrosis. Methods: Renal interstitial fibrosis was induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction(UUO) in mice. Histological and immunohistochemical methods were used to analyze pathological changes and α-SMA expression in renal tissue.Argentum hexamethylenamine staining and transmission electron microscopy were used to observe changes of the renal tubule basement membrane. Gelatin zymographic analysis was used to observe the expression of MMP2 and MMP9 in renal tissue.Results:The mice suffered from renal interstitial fibrosis were identified by histological analysis and α-SMA positive cells in renal tissue. Argentum hexamethylenamine staining and transmission electron-microscopy showed that the renal tubule basement membrane disrupted locally and renal tubule epithelial cells invaded into the renal interstitium in the early stage of renal interstitial fibrosis. Gelatin zymographic analysis showed that the expression of MMP2 and MMP9 was increased transitorily in the early stage of renal interstitial fibrosis. Conclusion: Renal tubule basement membrane disruption, renal tubule epithelial cells invasion into the renal interstitium, and the expression of MMP2 and MMP9 are involved in the development of renal interstitial fibrosis.

OBJECTIVETo compare the effects and pharmacoeconomics of single-dose of ceftriaxone versus 3-day cefuroxime prophylaxis in patients undergoing gastric or colorectal resection.

METHODSThree hundred and five consecutive patients with gastric or colorectal cancer from 5 medical centers were randomly divided into ceftriaxone group (n = 153, receiving intravenously 1 g ceftriaxone 0.5 - 1 h prior to operation only) and cefuroxime group (n = 152, receiving 0.75 g cefuroxime preoperatively and the same dose q8h for 3 d). The patients' intra- and postoperative status, adverse responses and infectious complications were observed and documented, and pharmacoeconomic parameters were analyzed.

RESULTSThe disease distribution, operative procedures and patients' conditions in the 2 groups were comparable. No adverse responses to the test antibiotics were observed. Postoperative infectious complications occurred in 7 cases in the ceftriaxone group (4.58%) and 14 cases in the cefuroxime group (9.21%), respectively (P = 0.992), among which, 12 cases were surgical site infections (incisional, intra-abdominal): 2 cases in the ceftriaxone group (1.31%), and 10 cases in the cefuroxime group (6.58%), (chi(2) = 5.607, P = 0.018). The direct cost related to prevention and treatment of surgical site infections was 283.5 RMB in the ceftriaxone group and 811.1 RMB in the cefuroxime group (Z = 14.51, P = 0.000).

CONCLUSIONBoth ceftriaxone and cefuroxime are safe and effective for prevention of surgical site infections. Single-dose ceftriaxone prophylaxis is sufficient for gastric and colorectal operations, with a better cost-effectiveness ratio.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; administration & dosage ; economics ; therapeutic use ; Antibiotic Prophylaxis ; economics ; Ceftriaxone ; administration & dosage ; economics ; therapeutic use ; Cefuroxime ; administration & dosage ; economics ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Surgical Wound Infection ; prevention & control ; Treatment Outcome ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVEHyperglycemia could upregulate transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta(1)) via thrombospondin (TSP-1) and induce fibrotic renal disease in the rat in vivo and myocardial fibrosis was related to cardiac dysfunction in diabetic patients. We explored the role of glucose/TSP-1/TGFbeta(1) signal pathways in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM).

METHODSMale Wistar rats were fed with high cholesterol diet for 17 weeks, streptozocin (30 mg/kg, i.p) was given at the 28th day, rats with fasting blood glucose > or = 11.1 mmol/L by the end of the 5th week were assigned to DCM group (n = 11). Control rats (n = 8) were fed with regular chow. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) was monitored throughout the study. After hemodynamic measurements by the end of the study, myocardial collagen content was quantified in Masson-stained samples and the mRNA expressions of TSP-1 and TGFbeta(1) were detected by quantification real-time RT-PCR. The protein levels of TSP-1, active and latent TGFbeta(1) were detected by Western blot.

RESULTSCompared with control group, cardiac function was decreased as shown by significantly reduced left ventricular systolic pressure, dp/dt(max) and dp/dt(min), while the myocardial collagen content was significantly increased in the DCM group (11.01 +/- 3.05 vs. 16.92 +/- 3.18, P < 0.01). The myocardial mRNA expressions of TSP-1, TGFbeta(1) and protein expressions of TSP-1, active and latent TGFbeta(1) in the DCM group were also significantly higher than those of the control group. Moreover, myocardial collagen was positively correlated to FBG (r = 0.746, P < 0.01); mRNA expressions of TSP-1 and TGFbeta(1), protein expressions of TSP-1 and active TGFbeta(1) were positively correlated to FBG and myocardial collagen (P < 0.05). However, there were no correlations between the protein expression of latent TGFbeta(1) and FBG and myocardial collagen.

CONCLUSIONThe pathway of glucose/TSP-1/TGFbeta(1) might play an important role in myocardial interstitial fibrosis of DCM. It may be the basis of novel therapeutic approaches for ameliorating DCM.

Animals ; Cardiomyopathies ; etiology ; metabolism ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; complications ; metabolism ; Glucose ; metabolism ; Male ; Myocardium ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Signal Transduction ; Thrombospondin 1 ; metabolism ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETribbles, a protein family controlling mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades, might contribute to the remodeling process in dilated cardiomyopathy. We investigated the gene expression of Tribble 3 (TRB(3)), cardiac function and collagen changes in rats with diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) and the modulating effects of valsartan on them.

METHODSMale Wistar rats were fed with high cholesterol diet throughout the study period, streptozocin (30 mg/kg, i.p) was given at the 28th day, valsartan (30 mg.kg(-1).d(-1), n = 13) or placebo (n = 11) was administered at the 35th day to rats with fasting blood glucose > or = 11.1 mmol/L per gavage for another 12 weeks. Control rats (n = 8) were fed with regular chow. Fasting blood glucose was monitored throughout the study, left ventricular function was determined by echocardiography, myocardial collagen content quantified after Masson-staining and myocardial mRNA expression of TRB(3) detected by quantification real-time RT-PCR at the end of study.

RESULTSCardiac function was significantly improved (EF: 74% +/- 10% vs. 66% +/- 7%, P < 0.05), myocardial collagen content decreased (13.23 +/- 3.14 vs. 16.92 +/- 3.18, P < 0.05) in rats with DCM treated with valsartan. Moreover, TRB(3) mRNA was significantly increased in rats with DCM compared to control rats (0.0198 +/- 0.0082 vs. 0.1108 +/- 0.0933, P < 0.05) and the increase could be significantly attenuated by valsartan (0.0367 +/- 0.0234, P < 0.05 vs. DCM). A significant positive correlation was observed between myocardial TRB(3) mRNA and myocardial collagen content (r = 0.67, P < 0.05) and between TRB(3) mRNA and fasting blood glucose (r = 0.69, P < 0.05) in rats with DCM.

CONCLUSIONOur results show for the first time that myocardial TRB(3) mRNA is upregulated in rats with DCM and which could be down-regulated by valsartan.

Animals ; Cardiomyopathy, Dilated ; metabolism ; physiopathology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental ; Gene Expression ; Male ; Protein Kinases ; metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; antagonists & inhibitors ; RNA, Messenger ; metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Tetrazoles ; pharmacology ; Valine ; analogs & derivatives ; pharmacology ; Valsartan

The adverse health effects of fine particles in the air pollution has been confirmed, and health consequences induced by ultrafine particles (mass media aerodynamic diameter < 0.1 micrometer), which was also known as nanoparticles, was drawing an increasing attention by researchers. Firstly, this review discussed the sources and physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles in the atmosphere in China. And then we focused on the biological effects and potential toxicity mechanisms of some common nanoparticles in the atmosphere on the major tissues and organs. Finally, the research focus of the nano particles in air pollutants was also presented.
Air Pollutants ; adverse effects ; Biomedical Research ; trends ; China ; Humans ; Nanoparticles ; adverse effects ; Particle Size

OBJECTIVE: To systematically summarize the clinical features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in children. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, CNKI, Weipu Database, and Wanfang Database were searched for clinical studies on COVID-19 in children published up to May 21, 2020. Two reviewers independently screened the articles, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias of the studies included. A descriptive analysis was then performed for the studies. Related indices between children with COVID-19 and severe acute respiratory syndromes (SARS) or Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) were compared. RESULTS: A total of 75 studies were included, with a total of 806 children with COVID-19. The research results showed that the age of the children ranged from 36 hours after birth to 18 years, with a male-female ratio of 1.21 : 1. Similar to SARS and MERS, COVID-19 often occurred with familial aggregation, and such cases accounted for 74.6% (601/806). The children with COVID-19, SARS, and MERS had similar clinical symptoms, mainly fever and cough. Some children had gastrointestinal symptoms. The children with asymptomatic infection accounted for 17.9% (144/806) of COVID-19 cases, 2.5% (2/81) of SARS cases, and 57.1% (12/21) of MERS cases. The children with COVID-19 and MERS mainly had bilateral lesions on chest imaging examination, with a positive rate of lesions of 63.4% (421/664) and 26.3% (5/19) respectively, which were lower than the corresponding positive rates of viral nucleic acid detection, which were 99.8% and 100% respectively. The chest radiological examination of the children with SARS mainly showed unilateral lesion, with a positive rate of imaging of 88.9% (72/81), which was higher than the corresponding positive rate of viral nucleic acid detection (29.2%). Viral nucleic acid was detected in the feces of children with COVID-19 or SARS, with positive rates of 60.2% (56/93) and 71.4% (5/7) respectively. The children with COVID-19 had a rate of severe disease of 4.6% (31/686) and a mortality rate of 0.1% (1/806), the children with SARS had a rate of severe disease of 1.5% (1/68) and a mortality rate of 0%, and those with MERS had a rate of severe disease of 14.3% (3/21) and a mortality rate of 9.5% (2/21). CONCLUSIONS Children with COVID-19 have similar symptoms to those with SARS or MERS, mainly fever and cough. Asymptomatic infection is observed in all three diseases. Children with COVID-19 or SARS have milder disease conditions than those with MERS. COVID-19 in children often occurs with familial aggregation. Epidemiological contact history, imaging examination findings, and viral nucleic acid testing results are important bases for the diagnosis of COVID-19.
Betacoronavirus ; Child ; Coronavirus Infections ; physiopathology ; Cough ; virology ; Female ; Fever ; virology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral ; physiopathology ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ; physiopathology ; virology