OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for the residues determination of Pb,Cd,Cu,As and Hg in Codonopsis pilo-sula,and evaluate the quality evaluation of C. pilosula of Pingshun County in Shanxi province. METHODS:Microwave diges-tion-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was adopted with KED scanning model,RF power was 1 550 W,sampling depth was 5.0 mm,plasma gas(argon)flow rate was 16.0 L/min,helium partial pressure was 0.1 mbar,argon gas was 0.6 mbar, the vacuum degree of 5×10-8 mbar,branch turbopump speed was 1 000 hz,sampling cone aperture was 1.0 mm,skimmer aperture was 0.5 mm,the spray chamber temperature was 2.7 ℃,the data collection was repeated 3 times. RESULTS:The linear range was 0-20 ng/ml for Pb(r=0.999 3),0-10 ng/ml for Cd(r=0.998 5),0-250 ng/ml for Cu(r=0.998 8),0-20 ng/ml for As(r=0.999 0) and 0-1.0 ng/ml for Hg(r=0.997 9);RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were lower than 3.0%;recoveries were 95.80%-100.20%(RSD=1.85%,n=6),94.50%-98.00%(RSD=1.26%,n=6),98.52%-102.43%(RSD=1.60%,n=6), 94.90%-98.70%(RSD=2.29%,n=6)and 96.00%-101.00%(RSD=1.84%,n=6);the limits of detection were 0.021 0,0.003 4, 0.043 7,0.115 6 and 0.005 6 ng/kg,respectively. Pb,Cd,Cu,and As were detetcted,and Hg was not detected,the range of total contents was 7.185 2~12.558 0 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS:The method is simple with good precision,stability and reproducibility, and can be used for the residues determination of Pb,Cd,Cu,As and Hg in C. pilosula;heavy metal residues in C. pilosula in Shanxi Pingshun county does not exceed limit values of national and industry standards.

BACKGROUND:Studies have found that erythropoietin has a protective effect on embryonic development of the retina, but there are rare studies concerning the embryonic development of the lens. OBJECTIVE: To observe the difference in erythropoietin expression in the lens from Wistar rats at different embryonic periods and to investigate the effect and significance of erythropoietin in the embryonic development of the lens. METHODS:Clean Wistar rats with pregnancy for 10 days (n=5), 12 days (n=5), 14 days (n=5), 16 days (n=5), 18 days (n=5), 20 days (n=5) were randomly colected and divided into six groups. Every two embryonic ratsof the different 30 pregnant rats were obtained randomly by the caesarean operation under ketamine-induced anesthesia. The eye tissues of al the embryonic rats were isolated and cut into sections. The expression of erythropoietin protein and mRNA in rat lens was detected by immunohistochemistry and reverse t ranscription-PCR, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Erythropoietin was distinctly expressed at the six different embryo stages, and the expression of erythropoietin protein and mRNA gradualy increased from embryonic day 10 to embryonic day 16, and decreased from embryonic day 10 to embryonic day 20. There were significant differences between the six groups. These findings indicate that the expression of embryonic appears in a low to high to low fashion during the embryonic development of Wistar rats, which may be closely associated with the developing procedure of lens.

The exploration of drug toxicity and mechanisms is a vital component in ensuring the safe use of drugs in clinical practice, as this topic has attracted widespread concern. The intestinal flora holds great significance for drug metabolism, efficacy and mechanism, and is an instrumental metabolic organ that facilitates material information transfer and biotransformation. However, an increasing number of studies have shown that intestinal bacteria are closely related to the toxicity of specific drugs. On the one hand, drugs are transformed into toxic metabolites under the influence of intestinal bacteria, thus inducing direct drug toxicity. On the other hand, the composition and function of the intestinal flora are altered under drug influence, resulting in disruption of endogenous metabolic pathways. Consequently, this disruption compromises the intestinal barrier and affects other organs, leading to indirect drug toxicity. This review meticulously compiles recent examples of drug toxicity attributed to intestinal bacteria, explores in depth the contention that metabolic enzymes of gut microbiota may be of great influence on oral drug toxicity, and outlines prospective avenues for future research on gut microbiota and drug toxicity and mechanisms. This not only provides novel perspectives for the judicious clinical utilization of drugs but also offers insights for the safety assessment of innovative pharmaceuticals.

Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease ; complications ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Nail Diseases ; etiology

Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and has a relatively high mortality rate.Liver transplantation has become an effective treatment for HCCs,but tumor recurrences after liver transplantation and donor shortages are the major limitations.The Milan criterion was the first standard and has been widely applied to liver transplantation of HCCs.Then,there are new emerging standards,namely University of California,San Francisco criterion (UCSF),Hangzhou and Shanghai criteria.Meanwhile,the comparison among these criteria laid the foundation for early prediction and prevention of post-transplantation tumor recurrence.In this review,clinical effect prediction and tumor recurrence after liver transplantation are also heated issues.

Objective To study the cytothesis effects of haemopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from rat fetal liver on brain injury induced by radiation. Methods Twenty-four female SD rats were randomly divided into normal control group, model group and treatment group (n=8). Total brain irradiation with 20 Gy X-ray was performed in the model group and the treatment group. Rats in the treatment group received infusion of HSCs from fetal liver (3×106 cells) 24 h, and 7, 14 and 21 d after irradiation, while rats in the model group and controls received infusion of saline at the same dosage. The serum of the rats was collected 12 h after infusion of HSCs each time; spectrophotometry was employed to detect the levels of malonaldehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD); the contents of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin (IL-1 and IL6) were measured by ELISA. Rats were sacrificed on the 28th d for assessing the pathological changes in brain tissue by HE staining and the mRNA level of Y chromosome by RT-PCR. Results Compared with that in the model group, the level of SOD in the treatment group was significantly higher, but the levels ofMDA, TNFα, IL-1 and IL6 were significantly lower in the treatment group 24 h, and 7, 14 and 21 d after the irradiation (P＜0.05). The mRNA expression of Y chromosome was noted and apoptosis of Nissl bodies was also observed in the treatment group; the cerebral cortex in the treatment group was significantly thicker as compared with that in the model group (P＜0.05); regenerative hippocampal neurons were observed in the treatment group. Conclusion HSCs from fetal liver can effectively repair the radiation brain injury.

ONYX-015 and H101 are E1B 55-kDa protein-deficient replicating C group adenoviruses that are currently in clinical trials as antitumor agents. However, their application in cancer gene therapy is limited by the native tropism of C group adenoviruses. This is in part due to low expression of the C group adenovirus receptor (coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor, CAR) on malignant tumors. An H101-based chimeric virus vector containing sequences encoding the Ad35 fiber domain instead of the Ad5 fiber (H101-F35) was constructed. This modification allowed infection of tumor cells through CD46, a membrane protein over-expressed on tumors. The CAR and CD46 RNA expression was evaluated by RT-PCR method. H101-F35 conferred a stronger cytocidal effect than H101 and ONYX-015 in tumor cell lines that lacked CAR expression (MDA-MB-435 and MCF-7), while the cytocidal effect of H101-35, H101 and ONYX-015 was similar in high-level CAR expressing cancer cell lines (A549, NCI-H446, Hep3B, LNCaP, ZR-75-30 and Bcap-37). In an MDA-MB-435 xenograft mouse tumor model, tumor growth in mice receiving H101-F35 was significantly inhibited compared with mice injected with H101. These results suggest that the chimeric oncolytic adenovirus H101-F35 vector might be a useful candidate for gene therapy of cancer.

creatinine concentration. Conclusion Bisphosphonates can decrease serum total calcium levels in hypercalcemia crisis caused by PHPT effectivelywith mild adverse events.

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the efficacy of intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (iMRI) and multimodal navigation in surgical resection of glioblastoma.

METHODSBetween February 2009 and July 2010, 76 glioblastoma patients underwent surgical resection guided by iMRI and multimodal navigation. The cohort consisted of 43 male and 33 female patients, with a mean age of 49 years (range: 14-79 years). Rates of gross total resection (GTR) and extent of resection (EoR) were calculated at first and final iMRI scans.Pearson χ(2) test was used to compare the rates of GTR.

RESULTSiMRI and multimodal navigation were successfully implemented in all cases. Rates of GTR were misestimated by neurosurgeons in 24 cases (31.6%), which were confirmed by first iMRI. Total tumor resection were achieved in 20 cases (26.3%) as a result of iMRI scan, increasing the rates of gross total resection from 52.6% to 78.9% (χ(2) = 11.692, P = 0.001). Extent of resection in 28 patients who underwent further tumor resection were increased from 81.5% to 98.1%, leading to the overall extent of resection improved from 92.3% to 98.4%. At 3-month follow-up, 3 cases (3.9%) developed permanent neurologic deficits. The mean clinical follow-up was 15.6 months (range 3.0-45.0 months). The 2-year overall survival rate was 19.7%. The median progression-free survival of gross total resection group was 12 months (95% CI: 10.1-13.9 months), compared with 9 months (95%CI: 7.9-10.1 months) of the subtotal resection group (χ(2) = 4.756, P = 0.029). The overall survival of gross total resection group was 16 months (95% CI: 13.7-18.3 months), compared with 12 months (95% CI: 9.7-14.3 months) of the subtotal resection group (χ(2) = 7.885, P = 0.005).

CONCLUSIONCombined with multimodal navigation, iMRI helps maximize surgical resection of glioblastoma, preserving neurological function while increasing progression-free survival and overall survival.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Brain Neoplasms ; surgery ; Female ; Glioblastoma ; surgery ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Monitoring, Intraoperative ; methods ; Neuronavigation ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo investigate the influence of the amount of portal blood stasis removal on endotoxemia and liver function after liver transplantation.

METHODSForty-seven patients who received liver transplantation from February 2006 to November 2007 were divided into 2 groups according to the amount of portal blood stasis removal during operation: group A (n = 26) 50 ml and group B (n = 21) 200 ml of portal blood stasis removal respectively. The levels of plasma endotoxin, D-lactate, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, liver function and blood coagulation were examined and analyzed.

RESULTSUnder the condition of no significant difference in sex, age, primary liver diseases and Child-pugh's classification, cold ischemic time, total operation and anhepatic time, operation methods, volume of blood loss and transfusion, and all preoperative observations. Most of observations showed the restoration of the patients in group B was better than that in group A. The plasma levels of endotoxin, D-lactate, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time in group B were significantly lower than those in group A (P < 0.05). The level of plasma prealbumin in group B was significantly higher than that in group A (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONSThe removal of 200 ml portal blood stasis leads to a better results than that of 50 ml, and it can help alleviate endotoxemia and facilitate the restoration of the liver function after liver transplantation.

Adult ; Aged ; Bloodletting ; methods ; Endotoxemia ; prevention & control ; Female ; Humans ; Liver ; physiopathology ; Liver Transplantation ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Portal Vein ; surgery ; Postoperative Complications ; prevention & control ; Reperfusion Injury ; prevention & control