Bronchoscopy ; Humans ; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma ; diagnosis ; pathology ; surgery

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the effect of different subgingival root exposure methods, namely, crown lengthening or forced eruption, and different ferrule lengths on fracture resistance of a residual root restored with a carbon fiber post-and-core system.

METHODSFifty-six extracted endodontically-treated mandibular first premolars were sectioned 1.0 mm coronal to the buccal cementoenamel junction. All the models were divided randomly into seven groups that each consist of eight roots. Group A was given non-ferrule as control. Simulated crown lengthening was performed for the dentin ferrule design in the cervical tooth structure for Groups B, C, and D with a ferrule length of 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mm, respectively. Simulated forced eruption was performed with a ferrule length of 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mm in the cervical tooth structure for Groups E, F, and G, respectively. After restoration with prefabricated carbon fiber post-and-core system, each specimen was embedded in a self-cured acrylic resin block from 2.0 mm apical to the margins of a cast Ni-Cr alloy crown, then loaded at 150 degrees from the long axis in a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm min(-1) until fracture. Data of failure loads and fracture mode were recorded and analyzed.

RESULTSMean failure loads for Groups A to G were (1.13 +/- 0.15), (1.27 +/- 0.18), (1.02 +/- 0.11), (1.05 +/- 0.12), (1.63 +/- 0.14), (1.92 +/- 0.19), and (1.93 +/- 0.15) kN, respectively. The effects of root exposure method and ferrule design differed significantly, and two factors exhibited significant interaction (F=33.396, P<0.0001). When the ferrule lengths were the same, fracture loads in the simulated forced eruption groups were significantly higher than those of the simulated crown lengthening groups (P<0.001). No statistical differences in fracture mode were observed among all groups (P=1.00).

CONCLUSIONMore than 1.0 mm ferrule placement on the apical crown margin by using forced eruption significantly increases fracture resistance.

OBJECTIVE:To enhance the competitive edge of Chinese pharmaceutical enterprises.METHODS:Patents problems confronted by Chinese pharmaceutical enterprises were analyzed in terms of the research and development and patent protection of the original new drugs,the administrative protection and patent protection of drugs,patent documentation in?formation,patent strategy and patent talents,etc.RESULTS&CONCLUSION:Chinese pharmaceutical enterprises should highlight the patent problems and apply patent strategy to achieve competitive advantage.

Objective To evaluate the clinical and biochemical characteristics of type 2 diabetics with hyperuricemia and to investi-gate the association between serum uric acid and the number of metabolic syndrome components. Method In the cross-sectional study of 547 type 2 diabetics, we recorded body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure(SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and collected blood samples to measure serum uric acid (UA), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAlc), creatinine (Cr) and blood lipid profile, including tfiglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density cholesterol LDL-C) and high-density cholesterol (HDL-C). Results Compared with the normal UA group, the diabetic patients in the high UA group had significantly increased levels of BMI, SBP, DBP, FPG, Cr, TG, TC and HbA1c (P <0.05, P <0.01, P <0.05, P <0.01, P <0.01), and decreased level of HDL-C(P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the level of LDL-C between the two groups (P > 0.05). According to their possession of 1, 2, 3 or 4 components of metabolic syndrome, 547 cases were divided into four groups (MSI, MS2,MS3 and MS4). There were significant difference in the levels of UA, BMI, SBP, DBP, Cr, TG, TC, LDL-C and HDL-C among MSI, MS2, MS3 and MS4 (All P < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis showed that UA concentration was positively correlated with sex, TG and Cr (Beta:0. 088,0. 350, 0. 124; P < 0.05, P <0.01, P <0.01) and negatively correlated with HDL-C and HbA1 c(Beta: -0.107, -0.124 ; P <0.01, P <0.01). The con-centration of UA was strongly correlated with serum TG. Conclusions Serum UA level in type 2 diabetics was significantly elevated as the number of metabolic components increased. Abnormal TG had great influence on serum UA. Hyperuricemia was considered to be a dangerous factor of the metabolic syndrome.

Outsourcing hospital rear service is an inevitable result of the deepening of hospital reform and each hospital has its own ways of promoting the move. The authors give an account of the measures adopted in their hospital: ①detennining which part of the rear service was to be outsourced first; ②selecting the organizations for cooperation; ③clarifying the obligations of each party and drawing up working standards; ④amplifying necessary rules and regulations; and ⑤strengthening organization and management. Marked effects have been obtained as a result of about half a year's practice: ①optimization of the contingent of temporary workers which has rid the hospital of the worries behind; ②promotion of the change of concepts on the part of the staff which has led to an intensification of the sense of urgency and the awareness of competition; ③improvement of the quality of the rear service; and ④economy of funds.

Pulmonary fibrosis can severely disrupt lung functions, but its etiology and pathogenesis remain unclear. Animal models of lung fibrosis play an important role in investigation of the mechanism by which pulmonary fibrosis develops. This review summarizes the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of widely used and newly established animal models of lung fibrosis.

Objective To analyze the genotypes and the variation trend of rubella virus strains circulating in Beijing and to provide a scientific guidance for the prevention and control of rubella.Methods The viral nucleic acids were extracted from diagnostic pharyngeal swab specimens collected by Beijing rubella laboratory.The 739 nucleotides of rubella E1 gene were amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction ( RT-PCR) .The amplified products were sequenced and analyzed.Genotypes of the rubella virus strains circulating in Beijing and variations in their nucleotides and amino acids were analyzed by comparing with those of the WHO recommended rubella virus reference strains.Results The target nucleotide se-quences of 10 rubella virus strains were obtained for molecular epidemiological study.All of the 10 strains belonged to 2B genotype and formed an independent branch according to the phylogenetic tree based on the 739 nucleotide fragments of E1 gene.Most of the nucleotide mutations occurred in the 10 strains were non-sense mutations.The amino acid sequences of the circulating strains were highly conservative.No significant mutations in the antigenic sites were identified in the rubella virus strains circulating in Beijing except that one amino acid mutation from Ser to Phe in the No.282 amino acid of E1 protein was identified in the hemag-glutination inhibition and neutralizing site of one strain.Conclusion This study indicated that the rubella virus genotype 2B epidemic strains were isolated in Beijing.

With the change of modern medical model and the rapid development of medical technology,medical humanities education in higher medical education has obviously been weakened and has obvious deficiencies.We should fully understand the importance and the necessity of medical humanities education during cultivating medical students.We should also improve medical humanities curriculum system,construct teaching staff combining with different majors,intensify the cultivation of humanistic quality in practice and organically combine ideological and political with humanistic education,and perfect evaluation system,etc.Inall We should explore the effective way of medical humanities education in many aspects.

Objective To explore the effect of stance width on balance in static standing.Methods Thirty healthy young subjects were evaluated using the PRO-KIN balance training apparatus.They stood with their eyes open and closed in three stances:feet together,feet 50 cm apart,and feet a comfortable distance apart (measured as 18.63±3.67 cm between the heels and 29.60±4.93 cm between the toes).The excursions of the center of pressure (COP),the standard deviation of their longitudinal sway (SDLS),the standard deviation of their horizontal sway (SDHS),the mean longitudinal and horizontal sway velocities (MVLS and MVHS),sway length (SL) and sway area (SA) were recorded.Results With the eyes either open or closed,significant differences in all of the COP data were observed when standing in the different stances.The average SDHS,MVHS,SL and SA were all significantly better when standing comfortably than when standing with the feet 50cm apart whether the eyes were open or closed.Conclusion There is a proper distance between the feet where healthy youngsters best maintain static standing balance.

Objective To observe the effects of epileptiform discharge and its influence on humpwave sleep spindles after sleep deprivation(SD)in children with epilepsy.Methods Monitoring the wakefulness and sleep EEG of samples of 160 children who were diagnosed epilepsy after SD.Results The detection rate of epileptiform discharge(59.3%)in sleep EEG was higher than that in wakefulness EEG after SD(16.3%)(P