Objective To study the antibacterial mechanisms of berberine and try to understand the reasons why bacteria cells difficultly resisted to it. Methods Detecting the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of bacterial cultures incubated under sub-MIC concentration of berberine, Huanglian, and Neomycin for more than 200 generations, in order to analyze the bacteria resistance. Detecting the binding kinetics of berberine to DNA, RNA, and proteins. Observing the changes in bacterial cell surface structure with scanning electron microscopy. Detecting the Ca2+ and K.+ released from berberine-treated bacterial cells with atomic absorption spectrum. Detection the absorption of methyl-3H-thymine (3H-dT), 3H-uridine (3H-U), and 3H-tyrosine (3H-Tyr) into berberine-treated bacterial cells. Results MICs of bacterial cultures, growing more than 200 generations in MH medium with 1/2 MIC of berberine (BA200) or Huanglian (HA200), did not increase compared to the control, while remarkably increased in MH medium with 1/2 MIC of Neomycin (NA200). In addition, from the culture NA200 it was easy to isolate resistant mutant strains which could grow in MH medium with more than four times MIC Neomycin, but from the culture BA200 and HA200 it was difficult to isolate berberine or Huanglian mutant strains could grow in MH medium with more than four times MIC berberine or Huanglian. The binding kinetics of berberine to DNA, RNA, and proteins illustrated that berberine could easily and tightly bind to DNA and RNA, and hardly dis-bind from DNA- and RNA-berberine complexes. Berberine could easily bind to protein too, but also easily dis-bind from berberine-protein complex. The bacterial cells treated with berberine sharply decreased the absorption of 3H-dT, 3H-U, and 3H-Tyr, as the radioactive precursors of DNA, RNA, and protein biosynthesis. Berberine could damage bacterial cell surface structure, especially for Gram-negative bacteria. Ca2+ and K+ released from berberine-treated cells increased significantly compared to the control. Conclusion All of above results indicate that bacterial cells could not easily become resistant mutants to berberine. The mechanisms for the bactericidal effect of berberine include: inhibiting DNA duplication, RNA transcription, and protein biosynthesis; influencing or inhibiting enzyme activities; destructing the bacterial cell surface structure and resulting in Ca2+ and K+ released from cells. All of the berberine bactericidal mechanisms are the most essential physiological functions for a live cell, if influenced any one such function, the mutation would be lethal mutation, so that it is difficult to get berberine resistant cells. The results in this paper also prefigure that berberine and its related Chinese medicines would provide a feasible way to control antibiotic resistance problem.

Background Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced type 1 diabetic model is an acceptable model and is often used to the study of diabetic retinopathy (DR).However,the model is often established using retinal digest preparation in vitro in albino rats,and therefore it is difficult to evaluate the change of retinal vessels by fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) in vivo.Recently,pigmented rats are being used as the DR model.But the study on the comparison between albino rat model and pigmented rat model is seldom.Objective This study was to observe and compare the manifestations of FFA and retinal digest preparation in early diabetic pigmented diabetic rat and albino diabetic rat,and to select the right model of DR using FFA.Methods Type 1 diabetic models were induced in 15 six-week-old health male BN rats and 15 six-week-old health male SD rats by the injection of STZ (55 mg/kg) via tail vein.The models were thought to be successful in the rats with the blood glucose level ≥ 16.7 mmol/L.The right eyes of the rats were extracted 6 weeks after injection of STZ.Lens were examined by slit lamp microscope.Retinal vascular changes were examined by fundus photography,FFA and periodic acid Schiff staining of retinal digest preparation.The manifestations of FFA and retinal digest preparation were contrasted between BN rats and SD rats.The number of eyes with lens opacification was compared by Chi-square test and the ratio of vascular endothelial cells and perithelial cells (E/P) was compared between BN rats and SD rats.The use and care of experimental animals complied the Statement of Ethic Committee of Tianjin Medicine University.Results Six weeks after injection of STZ,11 BN rats and 10SD rats were included in this study.The blood levels were (24.73±2.98) mmol/L and (22.36±3.65) mmol/L in BN rats and SD rats,respectively,without significant difference between the 2 types of rats (t =7.873,P＞0.05).Lens opacification occurred in 6 BN rats and in 5 SD rats (P=0.717).FFA showed the clear retinal vascular under the brown background.Evident vessel disorder and fluorescence leakage like background stage of DR were seen in 9 eyes.However,in the SD rats,retinal vessel abnormality could not exhibited owing to the interference of choroid fluorescent light from choroidal vessels and vortex vein.Retinal digest preparation exhibited that unevenness of vessel diameter,decrease of perithelial cells and increase of endothelial cells in both types of rats.The E/P values were 11.50±3.68in the BN rats and 12.86±3.94 in the SD rats,without significant difference between them (t=9.785,P＞0.05).Conclusions The abnormality of fundus vascular morphology can be better displayed in pigmented diabetic rats than albino rats by FFA in vivo.

Diathesis education and innovative ability cultivating of students are a new position in higher education.Exploring experiment was applied in medical undergraduates of grade 2004 for enhancing integrative diathesis and cultivating innovative spirit and ability of students.It was proved that application of exploring experiment could increase adequately learning fervor and interest of students.Teaching quality of microbiological experiment was enhanced accordingly.Application of exploring experiment was useful supplement and attempt of traditional teaching mode.

Quality education and innovative ability cultivation of students are a new position in higher education.Exploring exper- iment was applied in teaching of microbiological experiment for enhancing integrative diathesis and cultivating innovative spirit and ability of students.The practice has been proved that learning fervor of students was increased adequately.Unaided operation abili- ty,integrative analysis ability and innovative idea were enhanced,too.Accordingly,teaching quality of microbiological experiment was improved.

In order to identify ceftriaxone and its analogs whether has the function of anti-tolerance of morphine and study the dose-effect relation of ceftriaxone in mice, hot plate method to measure pain threshold of mouse and naloxone withdrawal models were carried out and compared with normal saline group. Ceftriaxone and cefotaxime had the effect of anti-tolerance and anti-dependence of morphine notably. And ceftriaxone has the effect of anti-tolerance of morphine in a dose dependent manner.
Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents ; pharmacology ; Cefotaxime ; pharmacology ; Ceftriaxone ; pharmacology ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Drug Tolerance ; Female ; Mice ; Morphine ; pharmacology ; Morphine Dependence ; prevention & control ; Pain Threshold ; drug effects ; Random Allocation ; Substance Withdrawal Syndrome ; physiopathology

Objective To understand the mainstream view of ethnic minorities and Han nationality in Yunnan province on Body donation, understand the present status and possible issues about body donation in Yunnan province, so as to provide reference for Yunnan province on body donation. Methods We conducted questionnaire survey by random sampling. Results Yi,Dai,Han on the body donation knowledge and Donation rate was low,and the Yi, Dai was lower than Han.promoting development of medicineandthat is the continuation of lifebecame the main factors affecting the willing to donate body,there was significant difference between the three ethnic groups ( <0.05) .After death should be laid to rest,family and public pressure,fear of being free to use,religious beliefbecome the main factors affecting the unwilling to donate body, three nations also had significant difference ( <0.05) .Conclusions Most people think that the whole society should pay close attention to body donation, that body donation is a very meaningful thing. Joint effort should be made by both the government and civil society for body donation programs in Yunnan Province.

Objective:To investigate the mainstream view and statusof people on body donation in Yunnan province, and provide references. Methods:Random sampling questionnaire survey was used, the obtained data was statistically analyzed. Results:Only 48. 0% of the people understand the body donation, 20. 6% of people know body donation ways and procedures, 27. 8% of people have heard of body receiving station, 11. 4% of people know the body receiving station in yunnan province, 17. 2% of the people to understand body donation of relevant laws and regulations. 47. 4% of people that are willing to donate his body. Conclusion:Make perfect laws and reg-ulations, respect for the body, giving donors and their families allowance, body donation monument, to carry out education and publicity of the body donation form to the whole society support and participate in the good atmos-phere of body donation has great benefits.

Tetradrine-tashionone II(A)-PLGA composite microspheres were prepared by the SPG membrane emulsification method, and the characterization of tetradrine-tashionone II(A) -PLGA composite microspheres were studied in this experiment. The results of IR, DSC and XRD showed that teradrine and tashionone II(A) in composite microspheres were highly dispersed in the PLGA with amorphous form. The results of tetradrine-tashionone II(A) -PLGA composite microspheres in vitro release experiment showed that the cumulative release amounts of tetradrine and tashionone II(A) were 6.44% and 3.60% in 24 h, and the cumulative release amounts of tetradrine and tashionone II(A) were 89.02% and 21.24% in 17 d. The process of drug in vitro release accorded with the model of Riger-Peppas. Tetradrine-tashionone II(A) -PLGA composite microspheres had slow-release effect, and it could significantly reduce the burst release, prolong the therapeutic time, decrease the dosage of drugs and provide a new idea and method to prepare traditional Chinese medicine compound.
Benzofurans ; chemistry ; Benzylisoquinolines ; chemistry ; Drug Carriers ; chemistry ; Drug Compounding ; instrumentation ; methods ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; Kinetics ; Lactic Acid ; chemistry ; Microspheres ; Particle Size ; Polyglycolic Acid ; chemistry

The depositions of immunoglobulins on the retina of diabetic rat were studied with immunohistochemistry,immunofluorecence and computer analysing system.In comparison with control group, depositions of IgG,IgA and IgM on the retina of diabetic rat induced by streptozotocin were significantly increased (all P＜0.05 ).So the immunoglobulin depositions may contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy.

To determine HIV prevalence among blood donors in Zhejiang Province from 1993 to 2004 years, almost 6,600, 000 blood donors information were collected and analyzed. Every sample was screened for markers of HIV-1 and HIV-2 by using commercially available ELISA kits twice, and Western blot for confirmation if positive or suspicious result appeared. The results indicated that during the study period, prevalence rate of HIV infection was 0.85/1000 donors (0.085%), with the rising tendency from 1:600000 in 1995 to 1:37500 in 2004. The prevalence of HIV infection in Zhejiang donors was significantly lower than that in donors of other provinces, prevalence of HIV infection in male was higher than that in female. In recent years, the prevalence of HIV in blood donors was obviously increased, but the difference among various populations began to reduce. It is concluded that in a low HIV prevalence area like Zhejiang province where no obvious AIDS occurred, risk for the expansion of the HIV epidemic was on the increase. Screening procedure used in transfusion services nowaday is reliable, but a comprehensive approach is required to make the blood more safe.
Blood Donors ; China ; epidemiology ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Female ; HIV Infections ; prevention & control ; HIV Seroprevalence ; trends ; HIV-1 ; immunology ; HIV-2 ; immunology ; Humans ; Male ; Retrospective Studies ; Transfusion Reaction