Costimulatory signals have become a hot field in immunological researches. As co-inhibitory molecules, programmed death-1 ( PD-1) and its ligands (PD-1/PD-L) have been demonstrated to play an important role in autoimmune disease, organ transplant rejection, microorganism infection, tumor immune escapes etc. . In recent years,some studies about PD-1/PD-L pathway in ophthalmology have been curried out and reported. Some changes were found in PD-1/PD-L pathway, such as ocular immunologic diseases, ocular infectious diseases, ocular tumors, immune privilege in ocular tissues and so on. Through the research on PD-1/PD-L pathway,we can further understand the pathogenesis of some ocular diseases and find new methods for their prevention and treatments. This article reviewed the recent advances in PD-1/PD-L pathway in ophthalmological physiopathology.

AIM:To evaluate the clinical effects of femto-LASIK using new Ziemer LDV Z6 femtosecond laser machine (Z6).
METHODS: Two - hundred cases ( 400 eyes ) was randomly separated into two groups: Group A included 200 eyes which corneal flaps were made by Z6, and Group B included rest of 200 eyes which corneal flaps were examined by a traditional Ziemer LDV CrystalLine femtosecond laser machine (CrystalLine). Visual acuity, slit lamp, refraction, Sim-K average, intraocular pressure (IOP), non-invasive tear break-up time (NIAvg-BUT), operation difficulty and complications were compared between two groups preoperatively and postoperatively.RESULTS:There was no significant differences between two groups in visual acuity, refraction, Sim-K average, IOP and NIAvg - BUT either preoperatively or 6mo postoperatively (P>0. 05). Although there were significant differences in operation difficulty and complications were found between two groups ( P< 0. 05 ), there was no serious complication in any group. Furthermore, a clear demarcation line could be observed in the cornea of Group A postoperatively.
CONCLUSION:More careful and strict requirements are needed when using the new Z6 femtosecond laser for corneal flaps.

Objective To investigate the factors affecting the protective effects of morphine preconditioning on murine hippocampal neurons against anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R) injury and the underlying mechanisms.Methods Hippocampal slices (400 μm thick) were prepared using hippocampi isolated from decapitated mice. A/R injury was simulated in vitro using artificial cerebral spinal fluid (ACSF) deprived of O_2 and glucose for 20 min followed by reoxygenation and glucose supply for 2 h. The experiment was performed in 4 parts: I .The slices were incubated with 5 different concentrations of morphine (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 10.0 /μmol/L) for 30 min at 30 min before A/R; Ⅱ. The slices were incubated with morphine 3.0 /μmol/L for 5 different periods of time (5, 15, 30, 45, 60 min) at 30 min before A/R; Ⅲ. The slices were incubated with morphine 3.0 μmol/L for 30 min followed by A/R at 6 different intervals (0, 5, 15,30,60, 120 min); Ⅳ. The slices were incubated with (a) chelerythrine (a non-selective PKC antagonist) 10 /μmol/L or (b) εVl-2 (a selective nPKCe isoform antagonist) 2 μmol/L or (c) AIP 2 μmol/L (a selective CaMK Ⅱ antagonist) or (d) MK-801 10 μmol/L (a non-competitive NMDA receptor blocker) for 30 min and then for another 30 min together with morphine 3.0 μmol/L before A/R at 30 min interval. The survival rates of the hippocampal neurons were assessed by TTC staining. Results Neuronal survival rates were significantly higher in morphine preconditioning groups which preconditioned with morphine (0.5-10.0 μmol/L) for 15-60 min at an interval of 0-60 min before A/R than in A/R group. Increase in neuronal survival rate induced by morphine preconditioning was partially blocked by chelerythrine or εV1-2 or AIP or MK-801. Conclusion Preconditioning with appropriate concentrations of morphine (0.5-10.0 μmol/L) for appropriate period of time (15-60 min) at appropriate interval (within 60 min) before A/R can protect hippocampal neurons against A/R injury through activation of nPKCε, NMDA receptor and CaMKⅡ.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Allyl Compounds ; poisoning ; Chronic Disease ; Female ; Humans ; Occupational Diseases ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Poisoning ; diagnosis ; therapy

Objective To explore the clinical application of DKK-1,TFF3 and CA72-4 detection in the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer.Methods Seventy-five cases(gastric cancer group) of gastric cancer admitted to our hospital from January 2013 to May 2015 were selected.Seventy cases of benign gastric disease(benign gastric disease group) and 70 persons undergoing the physical examination(healthy control group) were selected as the research subjects.The concentration of CA72-4 in each group was detected by the electrochemiluminescence analyzer.The serum DKK-1 and TFF3 levels in each group were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).The receiver operating characteristic(ROC) curve was drawn for evaluating the diagnostic efficiency of each index in each group.The sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive rate and negative predictive rate of 3 indicators for diagnosing gastric cancer before operation were compared.The concentration change of various indexes after gastric cancer radical resection were compared..Results The concentrations of DKK-1,TFF3 and CA72-4 in the gastric cancer group were significantly higher than those in the benign gastric disease group and healthy control group,the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05).The area under ROC curve of DKK-1,TFF3 and CA72-4 were 0.876(95%CI 0.803-0.950),0.944 4(95%CI 0.894-0.975) and 0.818(95%CI 0.726-0.884) respectively.The sensitivity of CA72-4 was 78.6% and the specificity was 84.3%,the sensitivity of DKK-1 was 93.6% and the specificity was 87.1%,the sensitivity and specificity of TFF3 was 92.4% and 90.1% respectively.The concentrations of DKK-1,TFF3 and CA72-4 after radical resection in the gastric cancer group were significantly reduced,the difference was statistically significant compared with before treatment(P<0.05).Conclusion The detection of DKK-1,TFF3 and CA72-4 has a certain clinical value for the diagnosis of gastric cancer.The combined detection of these 3 indicators is conducive to improve the specificity and sensitivity of gastric cancer diagnosis.

Objective To investigate the risk actors of postpartum hemorrhage of cesarean section,in order to provide the basis for the prevention of hemorrhage after cesarean section.Methods A case-control study was conducted in 100 cases with postpartum hemorrhage of cesarean section and 200 cases without bleeding of cesarean section.The clinical data were compared and analyzed.The single factor and multiple factors of the Logistic analysis was used to analyze the risk factors of postpartum hemorrhage of cesarean section.Results Fetal macrosomia (OR =3.678,95％ CI:1.456-5.345),placenta adhesion (OR =4.264,95％ CI:1.556-5.646),placenta praevia (OR =2.754,95％ CI:1.754-5.456),multifetal pregnancy (OR =3.964,95％ CI:1.274-4.453) were the risk factors of postpartum hemorrhage after cesarean section.Conclusion Evaluation of the above risk factors before cesarean section was important for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage.

Acute Disease ; Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury ; etiology ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Toluidines ; poisoning ; Young Adult

Aged ; Female ; Hearing Loss, Bilateral ; diagnosis ; etiology ; Humans ; Osteitis Deformans ; complications ; diagnosis

Cardiomyopathies ; therapy ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional

Objective To investigate the expression and the significance of a group of metastasis-associated proteins in invasive ductal breast carcinoma(IDC).Methods Tissue microarray containing 247 IDC specimens was constructed.The expressions of ?-B crystallin,CD44v6,MMP-2 and TIMP-2 were detected by immunohistochemistry,and the relation between the expression of these proteins and the clinicopathologic character was analyzed.Results(1) The expression rates of ?-B crystallin,CD44v6,MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in IDC were 70.0%,61.5%,57.5% and 57.1% respectively,and significantly higher than those of normal breast tissues(P