Insulin resistance and islet ? cell dysfunction are well-identified pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. The generation of a great quantity of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) impairs the function of mitochondria and induces oxidative stress during metabolic process of hyperglycaemia and hyperlipemia. Oxidative stress blocks insulin action pathway and induces insulin resistance; inhibit expression of insulin gene; decrease insulin secretion and impair ? cell function. In this paper, the mechanism of the ROS generation, insulin resistance and ? cell dysfunction induced by oxidative stress are reviewed.

Objective To explore the training mode and practical effects of nurse training on oncology nursing. Methods One hundred students were chosen by examination and inspection and then trained in the full-time centralized training mode. In the program, the theory courses focused on the characteristics of specific nursing. Multi-mode teaching was adopted in the clinical practice. Thelearn andteach evaluation was implemented throughout the whole process. Results All of the students were trained in our training base with the pass rate of 98.0%. The rate of satisfaction with teaching and management quality reached 100.0%. Conclusion The scientific and standard training can improve the knowledge and skills of the oncology nursing specialists.

Objective:To explore the effect of infection on autophagy-related proteins,Beclin-1 and LC3,expression in cerebral white matter in newborn rats.Methods: A total of 64 two-day-old Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats were randomly divided into control and experimental groups(n=32 each).At day 2 to 6 after birth,the rats in experimental group were intraperitoneally injected with 0.6 mg/kg of lipopolysaccharide(LPS) once a day to establish a white matter injury induced by infection in neonatal rats while the rats in control group were injected with equal amounts of normal saline.Rats were sacrificed to collect brain tissues at 12 hour,1,3,5 d after model establishment.HE staining was performed to observe the pathological changes.Changes in the expression of Beclin-1 and LC3 in rat white matter were examined by Western blot and RT-PCR.Results: Growth and development of rat in experimental group was slow,cerebral white matter lesions were obvious.Compared with the control group,the experimental group Beclin1 and LC3 protein and mRNA levels in the model after 12 h began to express,1 d reached the peak,and then decreased,each time points were higher than the control group(P<0.05).Conclusion: Early infection in neonatal rats can cause white matter damage;the expression of autophagy-related proteins,Beclin1 and LC3,showed that autophagy may be involved in the pathological process of white matter damage induced by infection.

Traditional Chinese medicine injections (TCMIs) originated in china, which was fast-acting with high bioavailability. TCMI is applied widely in clinic since it plays an important role for therapy severe and acute disease, such as cardiovascular diseases (CVD), infectious diseases, malignancy, and etc. However, the adverse reactions reported of TCMIs are increasing in recent years. For this, the review summarized systematically the reports and researches of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of TCMIs according to about 100 literatures in the nearly five years. The ADR of TCMIs mainly includes allergic reaction, respiratory damage, digestive system damage, cardiovascular system damage and urinary system damage, and etc. The main causes are relative with complexity, uncertainty and instability of the drug material. Influence of excipients, pharmaceutical technologies, drug combination and application method was also discussed. There are many methods on adverse reactions of TCMIs, including descriptive studies, analytical epidemiology and experimental studies. This article provided necessary information for reasonable application of TCMIs in clinical practice.
Animals ; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions ; epidemiology ; etiology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; administration & dosage ; adverse effects ; Humans ; Injections ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional

Objective To compare the effects of sedation induced with propofol and midazolam on anterior pituitary hormone in mechanically ventilated patients with traumatic brain injury.Methods Eighty-four patients with acute traumatic brain injury,aged 20-60 yr,weighing 50-70 kg,undergoing mechanical ventilation during sedation induced with propofol or midazolam,were randomly divided into 2 groups ( n =42 each):propofol group (group P) and midasolam group (group M).Ramsay sedation score was maintained at 2-4.In group P,propofol was continuously infused at the initial infusion rate of 1.5-6.0 mg·kg-1 ·h-1 and propofol 50 mg was injected intravenously to increase the depth of sedation when needed.In group M,midazolam was continuously infused at the initial infusion rate of 0.10-0.35 mg· kg-1· h-1 and midazolam 7.5 mg was injected intravenously to increase the depth of sedation when needed.The patients were ventilated for 70-120 h.Glasgow Coma Scale scores were assessed before sedation and Glasgow Outcome Scale scores were assessed 4 weeks after admission to the intensive care unit.Venous blood samples were collected at 24 and 72 h of sedation and 4 weeks after admission to the intensive care unit for determination of the levels of serum cortisol,thyroid-stimulating hormone,prolactin,and growth hormone by ELLSA.Results Compared with group M,the levels of serum cortisol and growth hormone were significantly decreased and the level of thyroid-stimulating hormone was significantly increased at 24 and 72 h of sedation in group P ( P ＜ 0.05 or 0.01 ),and the parameters mentioned above were in the normal range.There was no significant difference in the serum prolactin level and outcome between the two groups (P ＞ 0.05).Conclusion The effects of sedation induced with propofol and midazolam on anterior pituitary hormone are comparable in mechanically ventilated patients with traumatic brain injury.

Objective To compare the effect of sevoflurane and propofol on cerebral metabolism in patients undergoing intracranial aneurysm clipping.Methods Sixty-eight ASA Ⅱ or Ⅲ patients aged 22-62 yr weighing 52-81 kg with Hunt-Hess Ⅱ or Ⅲ undergoing intracranial aneurysm clipping were randomly divided into 2 groups( n =34 each): group propofol(group P) and group sevoflurane (group S).Anesthesia was induced with target-controlled infusion(TCI) of propofol (target plasma concretration 2.0 μg/ml,group P) or inhalation of 8％sevoflurane (group S) and iv injection of remifentanil 0.8 mg/kg and atracurium 0.5 mg/kg.Anesthesia was maintained with TCI of propofol(target plasma concretration 1.5 μg/ml,group P) or inhalation of 2％ sevoflurane (group S) and TCI of remifentanil (target plasma concretration 2.0-3.5 ng/ml) and infusion of atracurium (4μg· kg- 1 · min- 1 ).Samples of dialysate in brain were collected at 5 min before temporary arterial occlusion (T0 ),5 min (T1),10 min (T2 ),15 min (T3) of temporary arterial occlusion,and 10 min (T4),20 min (T5),40 min (T6 ) after cerebral aneurysm clipping for determination of glucose,lactate and pyruvate concentrations.Lactate/pyruvate(L/P) ratio was calculated.Results Compared with group P,the concentrations of glucose,lactate and pyruvate were significantly increased at T1 -06,and L/P ratio was decreased at T2-T4 in group S( P ＜ 0.05).The glucose concentration was significantly lower,and lactate concentration higher at T1 -T6,pyruvate concentration was lower at T1 -T4,and higher at T5 and T6,and L/P ratio was higher at T1 -T5 in both groups than that at T0 ( P ＜0.05).The concentrations of glucose and pyruvate were higher and L/P ratio was lower at T4-T6,and lactate concentration was lower at T5,T6 in both groups than that at T3 ( P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Compared with propofol,sevoflurane can better improve cerebral metabolites in patients undergoing intracranial aneurysm clipping.

Objective To evaluate the effect of stage health education on living-relative donor kidney transplantationrecipients.Methods Forty-eightliving-relativedonorkidneytransplantation recipients were randomly assigned to receive stage ( study group,n =24 ) or conventional health education (control group,n =24 ).ResultsIn comparison with the control group,the study group showed better awareness of kidney transplantation and improved satisfaction with nursing ( x2 =8.83,x2 =10.32,P ＜0.05).Conclusions Stage health education improves the awareness of renal transplantation and promotes mental and physical recovery,thus resulting in better quality of life of living-relative donor kidney transplantation recipients.

The growing number of cognitive dysfunction patients is bringing heavy mental and financial burdens to the society and families.Voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv), which consist of delayed rectifier potassium channels and transient outward po -tassium channels , are involved in the incidence of cognitive dysfunction .This review summarized the role of Kv channels in cognitive dysfunction and their relationship with N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors ( NMDARs) that play an important role in the process of learning and memory .

To introduce the prophylaxis methods and dealing experiences of the common malfunctions of electronic gastroscopy. To summarize the prophylaxis methods and dealing experiences of the common malfunctions of electronic gastroscopy in recent years. To do everything carefully in the prophylaxis of the common malfunctions could ensure the high definition and resolution of the electronic gastroscopy. To manipulate properly with effective methods of preventing and dealing common malfunctions in use of electronic gastroscopy can not only lower the cost of repair but also prolong the service life of the machine.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the cardiotoxicity of a widen-spectrum antineoplastic drug, gambogic acid, through quantitative multiple cellular phenotypic characterization. METHODS H9c2 cell line was used as a model with doxorubicin (Dox) and amiodarone (Ami) as positive controls, hypaconi?tine as negative control and 0.1% DMSO as normal control. An optimized protocol was established to identify the morphology and function of cell nuclei. The effect of drugs on cell viability, nuclear area (Hoechst33342), mitochondria mass (MitoTracker Deep Red) and cytoplasmic calcium ion mobilization (Rhod2 AM)was studied. EC50 and Z′values were calculated to evaluate the degree of toxicology and to estimate the precision and false-positive rate, respectively. RESULTS Dose-response analysis indicated that EC50 of Dox on cell viability, nuclear area, mitochondrial mass was 0.72, 0.014 and 1.21μmol · L-1, respectively. On the other hand, EC50 of Ami on the parameters of cell viability, nuclear area and mitochon?drial mass was 14.83, 6.72 and 4.54μmol·L-1, respectively with Z′value above 0.5. Hypaconitine decreased the SER ridge of mitochondria. Gambogic acid caused significant mortality of H9c2 cells and induced nuclear shrinkage as Ami did. The EC50 values of cell viability and nuclear area were 0.24 and 1.16 μmol · L- 1. Meanwhile,gambogic acid disturbed the mitochondrial function as indicated by the increased mitochondrial area (EC50=0.44 μmol · L-1), abnormal SER Ridge(EC50=0.99 μmol · L-1) and decreased mitochondrial mass(EC50=1.21 μmol · L- 1). Cellular calcium mobilization was lower than normal (EC50=0.41 μmol · L-1). CONCLUSION The EC50 values of positive controls calculated from our assessment are similar those reported in literature. A multi-parameter and simultaneous evaluation enables a comprehensive analysis of the morphology of nuclei and mitochondria of cardiomyocytes and a preliminary assessment of the mechanisms of toxicity.