OBJECTIVE:To optimize the approach and methods for the selection of national essential drugs and to improve national essential drug system.METHODS:The concept of national essential drugs and the principle of selecting national essential drugs and the problems within were expounded,and the rationale and methods of pharmacoeconomics were adopted to analyze its significance and role in selecting national essential drugs.RESULTS & CONCLUSION:Simplifying National Essential Drug List can facilitate peoples’ access to essential drugs.

0.05),and it shows that IL-4 does not play a major role in the occurrence of CAP.There is correlation between the serum level of IL-4 and the occurrence of CAP(r=0.48,P

The incidence of spinal cord injury is becoming higher and higher, of which more than half are cervical spinal injury. The main cause of death in high cervical spinal injury is respiratory function failure. The patients who survived must rely on ventilators to sustain life. In view of the shortcomings of ventilators, many researchers tried to use diaphragm pacing technology instead of ventilator to reconstruct the function of respiratory. This article introduced the application of diaphragm pacing technology in patients with cervical spinal injury.

Objective:To investigate the effects of sinomenine(SIN)on the activation and function of T-cells from SLE patients and to elucidate the mechanisms for the immunosuppressive effect of SIN.Methods:PBMCs were isolated from SLE patients and stimulated with anti-CD3 in the presence or absence of different concentrations of SIN.The cytokines were measured by ELISIA,and the activation and function of T-cells were analyzed by flow cytometry.Results:SIN could inhibit IFN-?,IL-2 and IL-4 production of T cells in SLE patients' peripheral blood.In addition,SIN could significantly inhibit the expression of activation molecules CD69 and CD25 by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells.Conclusion:SIN could inhibit immune responses of SLE patients by suppressing T cells activation and cytokine secretion.

AIM:To evaluate the clinical effects of femto-LASIK using new Ziemer LDV Z6 femtosecond laser machine (Z6).
METHODS: Two - hundred cases ( 400 eyes ) was randomly separated into two groups: Group A included 200 eyes which corneal flaps were made by Z6, and Group B included rest of 200 eyes which corneal flaps were examined by a traditional Ziemer LDV CrystalLine femtosecond laser machine (CrystalLine). Visual acuity, slit lamp, refraction, Sim-K average, intraocular pressure (IOP), non-invasive tear break-up time (NIAvg-BUT), operation difficulty and complications were compared between two groups preoperatively and postoperatively.RESULTS:There was no significant differences between two groups in visual acuity, refraction, Sim-K average, IOP and NIAvg - BUT either preoperatively or 6mo postoperatively (P>0. 05). Although there were significant differences in operation difficulty and complications were found between two groups ( P< 0. 05 ), there was no serious complication in any group. Furthermore, a clear demarcation line could be observed in the cornea of Group A postoperatively.
CONCLUSION:More careful and strict requirements are needed when using the new Z6 femtosecond laser for corneal flaps.

Objective To investigate the correlation between ultrasonographie classification, age and lesion in female. Methods One thousand two hundred and eight patients with 2416 mammary gland were comfired by pathologic findings, including 132 benign lesion and 54 malignancy lesion. According various sonographic appearances in the mammary gland structure and involution grade, the mammary glonds were classified into glandular,fibroglandular and fatty types. A single mammary gland is statistic unit. Results To follow age growth, the proportion of glandular type was decrease, 61.7% in under 30 years of age,31.5% in 30-39 years of age,15.3% in 40-49 years of age,8.6% in 50-59 years of age,4.5 in over 60 years of age. To follow age growth, the proportion of fatty type was higher, 1.6 % in under 30 years of age, 5.80% in 30-39 years of age,5.5% in 40-49 years of age,10.8% in 50-59 years of age,38.6% in over 60 years of age. Before 60 years of age, to follow age growth, the proportion of fibroglandular type was higher, which achieved the peak value (79.2%) in 40-49 years and last to 50-59 years of age (80.6%) ,but it was decrease to 56.9% after 60 years of age. There was significant difference of the proportion in any age(P=0.000).The proportion of the benign lesion no difference in three categories. The proportion of malignancy lesion (6.23%, 16/257 mammary gland)in fatty type was higher than that in fibroglandular type (2.18%,37/1698 mammary gland) which was significant difference(P=0.000). There was no malignancy lesion in glandular type. Conclusions Significant correlation were present between uhrasonographic classification, age and malignancy lesion, no significant correlation were found between uhrasonographic classification, age and benign lesion.

Background Protein kinase B (Akt) is the center of multiple cellular signaling pathways,and it participates in the regulation of cell function,such as proliferation,migration,and metabolism of cells.Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) promotes activation of Akt and therefore triggers many signal pathways.PI3K inhibitor can silent Akt,but whether it can affect the biological behavior of lens epithelial cells (LECs) during the posterior capsular opacity (PCO) is worthy of investigation.Objective This study was to explore the effect of LY294002,a PI3K inhibitor,on Akt activation in human LECs.Methods Human LECs strain,HLEC-B3 cells,were cultured and passaged.The cells were incubated to 96-well plate for 24 hours,then LY294002 was added with the final concentration at 0,10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80 μmol/L,respectively.After incubation for 24 hours,cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) was used to detect the inhibitory rate of cell proliferation.Transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) of 10 μg/L was added in the medium of cells as TGF-β2 group,TGF-β2 + LY294002 (20 μmol/L) was used to coculture the other group of cells,and the cells without TGF-β2 and LY294002 served as the control group.Phosphorylation of Akt (p-Akt) in the cells was detected by laser scan confocal immunofluorescence microscope.The expression level of p-Akt was evaluated using Western blot.Results CCK-8 assay showed that the A value of the cells was gradually reduced with the increase of LY294002 concentration (Fgroup =9.72,P =0.00),but the A value was significant raised along with the lapse of time (Ftime =1737.54,P=0.00).Confocal immunofluorescence revealed that a little of p-Akt was expressed in the control cells.After induced by TGF-β2,lots of red fluorescence of p-Akt was seen in cells around the cell membranes.But in the TGF-β2+LY294002 co-culture cells,the fluorescence of Akt was much weaker.Western blot showed that the expression level of p-Akt was 0.91±0.08,1.48±0.13 and 0.95±0.19 in the control group,TGF-β2 group and TGF-β2 +LY294002 group,respectively,with a significant difference among the three groups (F =15.04,P =0.00).Conclusions LY294002 can inhibit the activation of Akt induced by TGF-β2.LY294002 may have utility in the prevention and treatment of PCO.

Epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI) has become the standard first-line treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients with EGFR-sensitive mutations. However, acquired resistance cannot be avoided during the targeted treatment of EGFR-TKI, which may lead to the progression of NSCLC. Among them, approximately 50% of patients present with primary lung lesions and/or initial metastastic lesion progression. As a major local treatment, radiation therapy plays an irreplaceable role in the management of patients with advanced cancer. Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), which is implemented with the Cyberknife, is the most advanced radiation therapy technology to better meet clinical needs. In recent years, based on the abovementioned patterns of tumor recurrence, the treatment mode of pulmonary-lesion SBRT combined with EGFR-TKI can improve the tumor-free survival in advanced NSCLC patients, which has attracted widespread attention. In this article, the clinical research progresses on this combined therapeutic strategy were reviewed.

Objective By studying the prescriptions and medicines for treating rheumatoid arthritis (RA) prescribed by modem doctors, we tried to provide new ideas for developing the new medicines for treating rheumatoid arthritis. Methods 340 prescriptions on treating rheumatoid arthritis were collected from core medical periodicals and books published in the recent 20 years. Make a statistical analysis to the medicines in these prescriptions according to TCM etiological and pharmaceutical theories and modern researching foundlings. Results Among all 254 Chinese medicines used for treating RA, 32 medicines belong to worm and vine medicines, being used for 806 times. Conclusion The worm and vine medicines are frequently used in treating RA with good therapeutic effects combined with other kinds of medicines.

?AIM:To evaluate the objective visual quality of patients who underwent corneal cross-linking for the keratoconus using double-pass analysis system.? METHODS: Advanced keratoconus patients who underwent UV - riboflavin corneal cross - linking from January to July 2015 were included. The outcomes of their objective scattering index ( OSI ) , predicted visual acuity ( VA ) , the cut - off frequency of modulation transfer function ( MTF cut- off ) , the Strehl ratio ( SR ) were compared before and 6mo after corneal cross-linking.?RESULTS: A total of 13 patients ( 16 eyes ) were included. There was no statistically significant difference between pre- and 6mo postoperative data in uncorrected visual acuity, best corrected visual acuity, refractions and mean value of Sim-k (P>0. 05). Non-invasive average tear film break up time ( NIAvg-BUT ) detected by the Sirius system decreased after corneal cross-linking ( P<0. 05 ) . Using double - pass analysis system, no statistically significant change was found in MTF cut off, Strehl Ratio, OSI before and after treatment(P>0. 05). Tear Film Analysis Mean OSI increased at 6mo postoperatively (P<0. 05).? CONCLUSION: The subjective visual quality isn’t effected by corneal cross-linking. The tear stabilities of patients are influenced by these operations at 6mo postoperatively. More observations on long-term effect are needed to be taken in the future.