Avian trichomoniasis caused by Trichomonas gallinae is a serious protozoan disease worldwide. The domestic pigeon (Columba livia domestica) is the main host for T. gallinae and plays an important role in the spread of the disease. Based on the internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA of this parasite, a pair of primers (TgF2/TgR2) was designed and used to develop a PCR assay for the diagnosis of T. gallinae infection in domestic pigeons. This approach allowed the identification of T. gallinae, and no amplicons were produced when using DNA from other common avian pathogens. The minimum amount of DNA detectable by the specific PCR assay developed in this study was 15 pg. Clinical samples from Guangzhou, China, were examined using this PCR assay and a standard microscopy method, and their molecular characteristics were determined by phylogenetic analysis. All of the T. gallinae-positive samples detected by microscopic examination were also detected as positive by the PCR assay. Most of the samples identified as negative by microscopic examination were detected as T. gallinae positive by the PCR assay and were confirmed by sequencing. The positive samples of T. gallinae collected from Guangzhou, China, were identified as T. gallinae genotype B by sequencing and phylogenetic analyses, providing relevant data for studying the ecology and population genetic structures of trichomonads and for the prevention and control of the diseases they cause.
China* ; Columbidae* ; Diagnosis ; DNA ; DNA, Ribosomal ; Ecology ; Genetic Structures ; Genotype ; Methods ; Microscopy ; Parasites ; Polymerase Chain Reaction* ; Trichomonas*

Objective To introduce the gender-specific view to the prenatal care and analysing the health behavior and its influencing factors. Methods Random sampling in cluster was used to select those study population and face to face interview was carried out at their residence in Xinjiang and Anhui province. Results The overall socioeconomic status of women in rural areas of Xinjiang and Anbui province was low and 93.2% of the women had education level on junior middle school or below. Politically women were less interested in these issues with only 63.1% of them ever participated in the election program or voting. In household daily life, women' s status was almost equal to or even higher than men, but men always called the shots when something important in family happened. Men still held the power of decision making. In 47.3% of the families, the husband played a decisive role on decision making. In 37.7% of the families, husbands controlled the money. When getting into expensive expenditure, 35.2% of the families having men made the final approval. When there were different opinions between the couples, husband usually made the final decision in 44.2% of all the families compared to 6.3% of the families that wives made the final decision. 73.9% of women under survey bad undergone prenatal examination and the rate on household deliveries reached 30.3%. Both gender consciousness and educational level had influenced the effect on prenatal care. Conclusion It is important to better prenatal health service in rural areas and to improve socioeconomic status on gender consciousness of women.

Objective To investigate the prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling of fetal nuchal fold (NF) thickening.Methods This study retrospectively analyzed 17 fetuses with increased NF detected by prenatal ultrasound examination in Peking Union Medical College Hospital,Peking Union Medical College & Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences from December 1,2016 to December 1,2017.All cases were divided into isolated (isolated group) or non-isolated increased NF group (non-isolated group) according to whether the fetus had concomitant ultrasonographic abnormalities or not.Karyotype and chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) were performed on all cases.Clinical data,prenatal genetic testing results and pregnancy outcomes were analyzed.Results Of those twelve cases in the isolated group,two were terminated due to the identification of chromosomal abnormalities and pathogenic copy number variations (CNVs) and the fetal autopsy results were consistent with the prenatal diagnosis.The rest 10 pregnancies were all continued including one fetus carrying a variant of unknown significance,which was proved to be a paternal heredity by CMA,and nine without genetic abnormalities and all-these infants were healthy during follow-up.Among the five non-isolated cases,one was diagnosed as trisomy 21 by karyotyping and CMA,and the other four were found to have structural abnormalities under ultrasound scan,but without genetic abnormalities in karyotyping and CMA.And all the five pregnancies were terminated after genetic counseling and three of them chose whole exome sequencing (WES) for further test.One homozygous mutation in CHRNA 1 gene and one de novo mutation in SETD2 gene were found in two cases,respectively,while no abnormality was identified in the other one case.Conclusions Once increased NF were indicated by ultrasound examination,prenatal genetic testing should be offered to the patients,including CMA,regardless of other ultrasonographic abnormalities,and WES should also be offered when necessary.Considering a thickened NF is associated with increased risks of structural defects,a close follow-up with fetal echocardiography and ultrasound is required even the prenatal tests are normal.

Understanding on the intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas (IPMN-P) has dramatically improved in the past three decades. A new disease named intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the bile duct (IPMN-B) reported in recent years shares several similar clinical features with IPMN-P. The clinical manifestations and imaging characteristics of IPMN-B have been gradually recognized. This review summarizes some of the typical cases reported since 2000 and find that clinical manifestations of IPMN-B include epigastric discomfort,biliary colic,jaundice,intermittent fever,sometimes without any symptoms; imaging triads for IPMN-B are mucobilia,dilated bile duct,and bile duct mural nodule.

Objective To explore the diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS)for small focal liver lesions (FLLs). Methods The clinical data,CEUS findings,and pathology of 69 patients with small FLLs were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were grouped according to size of FLLs and the performance of CEUS was compared. Results The accuracy,sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,and negative predictive value of CEUS for the 69 FLLs were 94.2%,95.2%,93.8%,87.0%,and 97.8%,respectively. Rate of fast wash-out in portal vein phase was lower in group of diameters ≤2 cm than that in group of diameters>2 cm (P<0.05). Conclusions CEUS has a high diagnostic value for small FLLs.However,the CEUS findings of malignant lesions smaller than 2 cm are not typical in the portal phase and therefore the diagnosis should also be based on clinical features.
Contrast Media ; Humans ; Liver Diseases ; diagnostic imaging ; Portal Vein ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Retrospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Ultrasonography

Objective To evaluate the value of acoustic radiation force impulse(ARFI)imaging in the diagnosis of early non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH).Methods Totally 32 SD rats were randomly divided into high-fat diet group(n=24)and normal-diet group(n=8)by using the random number table. At the end of the 4,8,12,and 16week,six rats from the high-diet group and two rats from the normal-diet group were selected blindly for weighting,blood biochemical test,conventional ultrasound,and ARFI imaing. HE staining was used for pathological observation. Results None of the 32 rats developed liver fibrosis. Based on the pathological results,these rats were divided into M1 [mild-to-moderate simple fatty liver(SS)],M2(severe SS),M3(severe SS with early NASH),and C groups(normal control). Early NASH was seen only in the severe hepatic steatosis groups,and its distribution had a significant difference(P=0.006). The diagnostic accuracy of conventional ultrasound based on histological results was 34.4%(11/32). The ARFI value of M3 group was significantly lower than that of M2 group [(1.16±0.04)m/s vs.(1.22±0.05)m/s;t=2.301,P=0.04),and the low-density lipoprotein of M3 group was significantly higher than M2 group [(1.53±0.07)mmol/L vs.(1.21±0.22)mmol/L;t=3.075,P=0.01),while other clinical indicators had no statistical difference between these two groups. Conclusions The development of early NASH is associated with the severity of hepatic steatosis. ARFI value can provide important information to identify early NASH in patients with severe hepatic steatosis.