Teratozoospermia is one of the important factors contributing to male infertility, and its pathogenesis is not yet clear. Recent years have witnessed some progress in the researches on sperm morphology, and some genes have been confirmed to be correlated with spermatogenesis. Aiming to provide some evidence for the pathogenesis of teratozoospermia, this paper reviews the relevant literature in the past five years addressing such special teratozoospermia as globozoospermia, nuclear vacuoles, decapitated spermatozoa, excessive residual cytoplasm, dysplasia of the fibrous sheath, and primary ciliary dyskinesia, and elaborates on the molecular genetic mechanisms of DPY19L2, AR, PRM1, GBA2, PCI, CREM, TH2A, TH2B, ODF1, Cntrob, OAZ-t, HOOK1, SPEM1, GAT1, PRSS21, 15-LOX, Sptrx, AKAP3, AKAP4, DNAI1, DNAH5, RSPH4A, TXNDC3, CCDC39, LRRC6, LRRC50, KTU and so on. Meanwhile, this review also presents an overview on the latest advances in assisted reproductive technology and its outcomes in the treatment of teratozoospermia patients in order to provide a theoretical basis for the diagnosis and treatment of male infertility.
Humans ; Infertility, Male ; genetics ; Male ; Membrane Proteins ; genetics ; Spermatozoa ; pathology

The Ly-6 and uPAR (LU) domain-containing proteins represent a large family of cell-surface markers. In particular, mouse Ly-6A/Sca-1 is a widely used marker for various stem cells; however, its human ortholog is missing. In this study, based on a systematic survey and comparative genomic study of mouse and human LU domain-containing proteins, we identified a previously unannotated human gene encoding the candidate ortholog of mouse Ly-6A/Sca-1. This gene, hereby named LY6A, reversely overlaps with a lncRNA gene in the majority of exonic sequences. We found that LY6A is aberrantly expressed in pituitary tumors, but not in normal pituitary tissues, and may contribute to tumorigenesis. Similar to mouse Ly-6A/Sca-1, human LY6A is also upregulated by interferon, suggesting a conserved transcriptional regulatory mechanism between humans and mice. We cloned the full-length LY6A cDNA, whose encoded protein sequence, domain architecture, and exon-intron structures are all well conserved with mouse Ly-6A/Sca-1. Ectopic expression of the LY6A protein in cells demonstrates that it acts the same as mouse Ly-6A/Sca-1 in their processing and glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchoring to the cell membrane. Collectively, these studies unveil a novel human gene encoding a candidate biomarker and provide an interesting model gene for studying gene regulatory and evolutionary mechanisms.
Humans ; Membrane Proteins/genetics* ; Pituitary Neoplasms/genetics* ; Biomarkers

Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Membrane Proteins ; genetics ; Nuclear Proteins ; genetics ; Osteopoikilosis ; genetics ; Pedigree

Dwarfism ; etiology ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Membrane Proteins ; genetics ; N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases ; genetics ; Nuclear Proteins ; genetics ; Osteopoikilosis ; complications

In this study the MTP1 gene, encoding a type III integral transmembrane protein, was isolated from the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. The Mtp1 protein is 520 amino acids long and is comparable to the Ytp1 protein of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with 46% sequence similarity. Prediction programs and MTP1-GFP (green fluorescent protein) fusion expression results indicate that Mtp1 is a protein located at several membranes in the cytoplasm. The functions of the MTP1 gene in the growth and development of the fungus were studied using an MTP1 gene knockout mutant. The MTP1 gene was primarily expressed at the hyphal and conidial stages and is necessary for conidiation and conidial germination, but is not required for pathogenicity. The Deltamtp1 mutant grew more efficiently than the wild type strain on non-fermentable carbon sources, implying that the MTP1 gene has a unique role in respiratory growth and carbon source use.
Fungal Proteins ; genetics ; physiology ; Genes, Fungal ; Magnaporthe ; genetics ; Membrane Proteins ; genetics ; Oryza ; microbiology ; Promoter Regions, Genetic

OBJECTIVETo explore whether the membrane-associated protein Flotillin-1 has relationship with endocytosis of PrPc.

METHODSThe expression of Flotillin-1 in different cell lines was detected with the method of Western Blot; the interaction between Flotillin-1 and PrPc in Cells which were treated with copper ions was observed using immunoprecipitation method.

RESULTS(1) Flotillin-1 was widely expressed in many cell lines without significant difference in the amounts of expression level; (2) Only in the appearance of copper ions, the protein complexes of PrPc and Flotillin-1 can be detected with the method of IP, which were related to copper ions concentration and processing time.

CONCLUSIONThe membrane-associated protein Flotillin-1 has the relationship with the endocytosis of PrPc.

Cell Line ; Cell Membrane ; genetics ; metabolism ; Endocytosis ; Humans ; Membrane Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; PrPC Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Transport

Humans ; Infant ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; genetics ; Membrane Proteins ; genetics ; Mutation ; Nephrotic Syndrome ; etiology ; genetics ; WT1 Proteins ; genetics

OBJECTIVE: To explore the genetic basis for a patient with early-onset retinitis pigmentosa (RP). METHODS: A patient who had presented at the West China Hospital of Sichuan University on March 10, 2020 was selected as the study subject. The patient and his parents were subjected to whole exome sequencing (WES). Candidate variants were verified by Sanger sequencing and in silico analysis. RESULTS: The patient has featured substantial loss of binocular vision field. Funduscopy revealed characteristic bone spicule-type pigment deposits, as well as attenuated retinal arterioles and pale-appearing optic discs. WES revealed that he has harbored compound missense variants of a RP-associated CRB1 gene, including c.2969T>C (p.Leu990Ser) and c.1816T>C (p.Cys606Arg), which were respectively inherited from his father and mother. Homozygous c.1816T>C (p.Cys606Arg) variant has been identified among RP patients, whilst the c.2969T>C (p.Leu990Ser) variant was unreported previously. Both variants were predicted as likely pathogenic based on the guidelines from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG). CONCLUSION The novel compound heterozygous variants of the CRB1 gene probably underlay the early-onset RP in this patient. Above finding has enriched the mutational spectrum of the CRB1 gene.
Male ; Female ; Humans ; China ; Genomics ; Homozygote ; Mothers ; Retinitis Pigmentosa/genetics* ; Eye Proteins/genetics* ; Membrane Proteins/genetics* ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics*

Nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA) is a common cause of infertility and is defined as the complete absence of sperm in ejaculation due to defective spermatogenesis. The aim of this study was to identify the genetic etiology of NOA in an infertile male from a Chinese consanguineous family. A homozygous missense variant of the membrane-bound O-acyltransferase domain-containing 1 (MBOAT1) gene (c.770C>T, p.Thr257Met) was found by whole-exome sequencing (WES). Bioinformatic analysis also showed that this variant was a pathogenic variant and that the amino acid residue in MBOAT1 was highly conserved in mammals. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) analysis showed that the mRNA level of MBOAT1 in the patient was 22.0% lower than that in his father. Furthermore, we screened variants of MBOAT1 in a broader population and found an additional homozygous variant of the MBOAT1 gene in 123 infertile men. Our data identified homozygous variants of the MBOAT1 gene associated with male infertility. This study will provide new insights for researchers to understand the molecular mechanisms of male infertility and will help clinicians make accurate diagnoses.
Acetyltransferases/genetics* ; Animals ; Azoospermia/genetics* ; Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics* ; Humans ; Infertility, Male/genetics* ; Male ; Mammals ; Membrane Proteins/genetics* ; Mutation

Thanks to tremendous advances in sequencing technologies and in particular to whole exome sequencing (WES), many genes have now been linked to severe sperm defects. A precise genetic diagnosis is obtained for a minority of patients and only for the most severe defects like azoospermia or macrozoospermia which is very often due to defects in the aurora kinase C (AURKC gene. Here, we studied a subject with a severe oligozoospermia and a phenotypic diagnosis of macrozoospermia. AURKC analysis did not reveal any deleterious variant. WES was then initiated which permitted to identify a homozygous loss of function variant in the zinc finger MYND-type containing 15 (ZMYND15 gene. ZMYND15 has been described to serve as a switch for haploid gene expression, and mice devoid of ZMYND15 were shown to be sterile due to nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA). In man, ZMYND15 has been associated with NOA and severe oligozoospermia. We confirm here that the presence of a bi-allelic ZMYND15 variant induces a severe oligozoospermia. In addition, we show that severe oligozoospermia can be associated macrozoospermia, and that a phenotypic misdiagnosis is possible, potentially delaying the genetic diagnosis. In conclusion, genetic defects in ZMYND15 can induce complete NOA or severe oligozoospermia associated with a very severe teratozoospermia. In our experience, severe oligozoospermia is often associated with severe teratozoospermia and can sometimes be misinterpreted as macrozoospermia or globozoospermia. In these instances, specific AURKC or dpy-19 like 2 (DPY19L2) diagnosis is usually negative and we recommend the direct use of a pan-genomic techniques such as WES.
Animals ; Azoospermia/genetics* ; Humans ; Infertility, Male/genetics* ; Male ; Membrane Proteins/genetics* ; Mice ; Mutation ; Oligospermia/genetics* ; Repressor Proteins/metabolism* ; Teratozoospermia/genetics*