The data of 162 cases with acute schistosomiasis in Jingzhou City from 2004 to 2008 was analyzed, and the resultsshowed that the endemic situation of acute schistosomiasis decreased year by year, and the children aged 5-14 years were themain infection population, and swimming and playing in water was the main infection mode. It is suggested that health educationfor residents especially students should be strengthened to improve their conscious for disease prevention.

AIM:To investigate the effect of a treatment proposal , which consisted of tongxinluo , atorvastatin and aspirin, on adventitial inflammation of early atherosclerosis in rabbit carotid artery .METHODS: The atherosclerotic model was established in the rabbits with silicone collar , which was positioned around the carotid arterial adventitia +high-cholesterol diet .New Zealand rabbits ( n =72 ) were randomly divided into 6 groups ( n=12 ): control group , model group, tongxinluo group, atorvastatin group, aspirin group, and three-drug combination group.The rabbits in control group were fed with common foodstuffs , and the rabbits in all the other groups were fixed the right carotid arteries with the silicone tube, and were fed with fatty foodstuffs .The rabbits in tongxinluo group , atorvastatin group and aspirin group were given the suspension of tongxinluo supermicropowder (0.3 g· kg-1· d-1), atorvastatin (2.5 mg· kg-1· d-1) and aspirin (12 mg· kg-1· d-1) respectively,and the rabbits in three-drug combination group were given the suspension of tongxinluo su-permicropowder (0.3 g· kg-1· d-1), atorvastatin (2.5 mg· kg-1· d-1) and aspirin (12 mg· kg -1· d-1) together. The rabbits in each group were fed with the corresponding medicines for 4 weeks .The tissue slices of carotid artery were observed under light microscope with HE staining .The change of blood lipid was detected by biochemical assay .The pro-tein levels of MCP-1, IL-1βand IL-10 in the carotid arterial adventitia were detected by ELISA .The immunohistochemical staining was used to detect the protein expression of IL-8 around the carotid arterial adventitia .RESULTS:Compared with control group, the contents of TC, TG and LDL-C were significantly increased , and the content of IL-10 was significantly decreased in model group .The levels of TC , TG and LDL-C were significantly decreased in tongxinluo group and atorvasta-tin group compared with model group , no significant difference between tongxinluo group and atorvastatin group was ob -served.In the three-drug combination group, the levels of TC, TG and LDL-C were lower than those in atorvastatin group and tongxinluo group .Compared with control group , the contents of MCP-1 and IL-1βwere significantly increased , and the content of IL-10 was significantly decreased in model group .Compared with model group , the contents of MCP-1 and IL-1βwere decreased in tongxinluo group , atorvastatin group and aspirin group , no significant difference between the 3 groups was observed.The content of IL-10 was decreased in three-drug combination group , and the contents of TC , TG and LDL-C were lower than those in tongxinluo group , atorvastatin group and aspirin group .The content of IL-8 was decreased in tongxinluo group , atorvastatin group , aspirin group and three-drug combination group .CONCLUSION: The strategy of three-drug combination enhances the effect of regulating the lipid metabolism and inhibiting the adventitia inflammation .It plays an important role to intervene in the process of atherosclerosis .

Objective To evaluate the effect of the clinical nursing path integrated with the holistic nursing on advanced schistosomiasis patients with ascites. Methods A total of 226 advanced schistosomiasis patients with ascites were randomly di?vided into a control group and an experimental group (113 cases each group). The subjects in the experimental group were nursed by the clinical nursing path integrated with the holistic nursing,while those in the control group were nursed only by the holistic nursing. Then the clinical relevant indexes of the two groups were observed,and the quality of life of the patients before and after hospital discharge was assessed. Results The improvement rate,satisfaction degree,and awareness rate of health knowledge of the patients in the experiment group were 93.8%,100%and 97.4%,respectively,which were significantly higher than those of the control group(all P<0.05). The mortality rate and the complication rate of the patients in the experimental group were 0 and 2.7%,respectively,which were significantly lower than those of the control group(both P<0.05). In addi?tion,the average hospitalization days and the hospitalization cost of the experiment group were(12.2 ± 0.7)d and(4 725.0 ± 310.1)Yuan respectively,which were less than those of the control group(both P<0.01). When 6 months after the discharge from hospital,the quality of life of the patients in the experimental group in various fields was significantly better than that of the control group(all P<0.05). Conclusions The clinical nursing pathway integrated with holistic nursing can effectively improve the improvement rate and decrease the mortality of the advanced schistosomiasis patients with ascites;meanwhile,it can short?en the hospitalization time and save the hospitalization cost. Therefore,this nursing model is suitable for popularization and ap?plication in the treatment and nursing work of the advanced schistosomiasis assistance.

Objective To develop a Jingcen DY?1 type spraying tanker for Oncomelania hupensis snail control and evaluate its effect of field application as well as the cost. Methods The currently available tractor was used as a vector,and the mechan?ical and electrical equipments and containers were integrated with shafts,pipelines and electric lines to produce a spraying tank?er for snail control,with the functions of carrying people and molluscicides,generating electric power and getting water,mixing stocking solutions,adjusting molluscicide solutions evenly,and spraying drugs. The volume of the molluscicide solution,flow rate of water injection,and the flow rate,range and advance speed of the spray gun were tested,and the solution concentrations of molluscicide in the tanker and at the muzzle of the spray gun at different time were detected. Meanwhile,the molluscicidal ef?fect and cost of the spraying tanker were analyzed by the field test. Results The volume of the liquid storage pot of the Jingcen DY?1 type spraying tanker was 1 800 L,the flow rate of water injection was 400 L/min,the flow rate and the spray range of the standard spray gun were 110-200 L/min and 19.70-23.50 m,respectively,the efficiency of drug spraying of the spraying tanker was 6 000 m2/h,and the ratio of spray width(m)to march speed(m/min)was 1∶200. When 5 min post mother liquid recirculat?ing ,the average concentration of the molluscicide at the upper? ,middle? and lower?layers of the liquid storage pot was (1 030.39 ± 43.00)mg/L,with a variation coefficient of 4.17%. The average concentration of the molluscicide in the spraying process(spraying for 2,4,6,8,9 min)was(953.00 ± 68.87)mg/L,with a variation coefficient of 7.22%. The concentration of the residual drug in the liquid storage pot post spraying was 1 000.43 mg/L,which reached the effect concentration for snail con?trol. After spraying for 7 days in the field,the average density of living snails reduced by 88.20% as compared to that before spraying,and the adjusted mortality of snails was 87.65%. The unit cost of Jingcen DY?1 spraying tanker was 0.086 7 Yuan/m2, which reduced by 58.20% as compared to that of the conventional spraying tanker. Conclusions Jingcen DY?1 type spraying tanker for snail control which integrates various equipments together can effectively control the concentration and dose of the mol?luscicide,and the machine is labor?saving,efficient,economic and well adapted,and is worthy to be widely applied.

Objective To evaluate the anti-schistosomiasis effect of World Bank loan for schistosomiasis control project 1992-2001 in Jingzhou City, Hubei Province, and observe the endemic situation after two years of the end of the project.Methods By a retrospective longitudinal survey, information from annual reports was collected, which included disease screening, treatment and extended chemotherapy for human population and livestock, the distribution of Oncomelania hupensis and health education information from eight counties in Jinzhou prefecture from 1992 to 2003.Statistical u test was used for phased retrospective dynamic analysis.Results In the year 2001, schistosomiasis patients(77 009 cases)were 45.2% less than that of 1992(140 438 cases), The number of acute and advanced cases(63 and 1 032 cases, respectively)was 74.2% and 43.9% less than those of 1992(244 and 1 841 cases, respectively).The average infection rate among residents was also reduced from 7.8% of 1992 to 4.7%(u=28.864, P

According to the National Scheme of Shistosomiasis Surveillance,the endemic situation in 8 national surveillance sites in Jingzhou City were monitored and analyzed.The results showed that the average human infection rate in 8 sites was 0.93%,and the rates in residents above 40 years old were high.People with positive results in fecal examination were all farmers,with an infection rate of 1.16%.The average infection rate of cattle was 6.26%.The total snail area was 1 511.50 hm~2,among which an area of 0.98 hm~2 was newly discovered and the area with infected snails was 1.17 hm~2.It concludes that the endemie situation in surveillance sites decreases year by year.However,the infection rate of earle still remains high and the snail status is still severe,which suggests that the control should be strengthened further.

A survey on schistosomiasis conducted in sampled 453 out of 1971 villages in Jingzhou City in the year of 2006. Miracidia hatching test demonstrated that the prevalence in human population was 3.9% (12 006/310 232), with sporadic cases of acute schistosomiasis, and the prevalence in cattle was 10.2%(270/2 651). The mean density of living snails was 0.67/0.11 m2(1 988/1 054 597) with a density of infected snails of 0.001 9/0.11 m2(1 988/713 486). In comparison to those of 2004, prevalence in humans decreased by 40.0%, prevalence in cattle increased by 22.3%; the snail-ridden area increased by 4.0%, but the mean density of living snails increased by 68.5% and the infected snail density increased by 18.8% with a decrease of 36.4% in snail infection rate. Consequently, there is an urgent need in controlling schistosome infection in cattle.

Objective To observe the Oncomelania hupensis snail control effects of molluscicides with different formula?tions in the ditch with unstable water level in field of marshland and lake areas,so as to provide the evidence for formulating the prevention strategies. Methods A drainage channel with O. hupensis snails in Jiangling County,Jingzhou City were selected as the study field,then it was divided into 6 segments,except 1 segment was treated as the blank control group for observing the natural mortality rate of the snails,the other 5 segments were treated as observation groups,where 4% niclosamide ethanol?amine salt powder,5%niclosamide ethanolamine salt granule,25%suspension concentrate of niclosamide ethanolamine salt, 26% suspension concentrate of metaldehyde and niclosamide ethanolamine salt,50% niclosamide ethanolamine salt wettable powder were applied respectively. Before and after the mollusciciding,the snail surveys were carried out through the systematic sampling method,and the short?and long?term effects of snail control were observed,and the mortality rates of the snails on the slope above the water level and those below the water level were compared. Results When 7 d and 15 d after mullusciciding, the mortality rates of snails on the slope above the water level in each observation group were 79.52%-97.87% and 90.43%-96.30%,respectively,when compared with those before mollusciciding,all the differences were statistically significant(all P<0.01). When 7 d after mullusciciding,the mortality rates of snails below the water level in each observation group were 17.11%-50.00%,which were all lower than those of the snails on the slope above the water level in the corresponding groups(all P<0.05);when 15 d after mullusciciding,the rates were 9.43%-95.24%,and those in 25%suspension concentrate of niclosamide ethanolamine salt,26%suspension concentrate of metaldehyde and niclosamide ethanolamine salt,50%niclosamide ethanol?amine salt wettable powder groups were all lower than those of the snails on the slope above the water level in the corresponding groups(all P<0.01). Compared with the densities of living snails before mollusciciding,those 6 months after mollusciciding in each observation group decreased by 70.21%-78.98%. Conclusions The molluscicides in the formulation of powders and granule are suitable for both the snail environment with or without water,while those in the formulation of suspension agents and wettable powders are suitable only for environments with water.

Objective To evaluate the effect and benefit of health education on schistosomiasis control in primary and secondary schools in Jingzhou from 2004 to 2018. Methods A retrospective survey and an on-site questionnaire investigation were used to collect data on schistosomiasis health education in primary and secondary schools in Jingzhou from 2004 to 2018, and to evaluate the modes and effects of health education. The unit benefit analysis was used to evaluate the benefit of health education investment. Results The awareness rate of schistosomiasis control knowledge and the correct behavior formation rate in 2018 reached 98.68% and 98.31%, respectively, which were statistically significantly different compared with 87.65%% and 88.08%, respectively, in 2004 (F=8.57, 6.59, P<0.01). According to the questionnaire survey in 2018, the overall correct rates of schistosomiasis knowledge awareness and correct behavior formation were 97.79% and 96.54% for primary school students and 98.37% and 96.65% for junior high school students, respectively. Among the 10 health education modes, the students' interest rates of attending unified classes, recitation of the Three Character Classic of schistosomiasis control, and audio-visual education were 94.04%, 93.57% and 88.28%, respectively. The awareness rate of students' schistosomiasis control knowledge and the rate of correct behavior formation were negatively correlated with the rate of schistosomiasis infection (R²=-0.85, -0.84, P<0.01). In terms of total funding, students were 3.05 yuan/person/time lower than residents. Conclusion From 2004 to 2018, primary and secondary schools in Jingzhou implemented schistosomiasis health education and health promotion. On the basis of reduction in the total funding, students’ knowledge of schistosomiasis prevention and correct behavior formation were effectively increased, and the rate of schistosomiasis infection was reduced to zero. Therefore, changing the dangerous behavior of the target population through schistosomiasis health education is an important measure to control and stop the prevalence of schistosomiasis.