Schwann cells and macrophages are the main immune cells involved in peripheral nerve injury. After injury, Schwann cells produce an inflammatory response and secrete various chemokines, inflammatory factors, and some other cytokines to promote the recruitment and M2 polarization of blood-derived macrophages, enhancing their phagocytotic ability, and thus play an important role in promoting nerve regeneration. Macrophages have also been found to promote vascular regeneration after injury, promote the migration and proliferation of Schwann cells along blood vessels, and facilitate myelination and axon regeneration. Therefore, there is a close interaction between Schwann cells and macrophages during peripheral nerve regeneration, but this has not been systematically summarized. In this review, the mechanisms of action of Schwann cells and macrophages in each other's migration and phenotypic transformation are reviewed from the perspective of each other, to provide directions for research on accelerating nerve injury repair.
Schwann Cells/metabolism* ; Peripheral Nerve Injuries/physiopathology* ; Animals ; Macrophages/immunology* ; Nerve Regeneration/physiology* ; Humans ; Cell Movement/physiology*

This study intends to establish a colorectal cancer(CRC)organoid model,expand and isolate CRC-reactive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes(TILs),screen tumor-specific T cell receptors(TCRs)and perform functional verification,in order to provide a technological platform and research foundation for the clinical transformation of individualized adoptive T-cell immunotherapy for colorectal cancer.An organoid model derived from colon cancer patient tissues was constructed using in vitro 3D culture techniques,which then subjected to HE staining and immunohistochemistry for detecting morphological characteristics and representative molecular expression.Subsequently,CRC organoids were co-cultured with TILs for sorting reactive TILs using flow cytometry,and the characteristics of reactive TCR clones was analyzed through single T cell receptor gene cloning technology.Furthermore,the function of TCRs was verified through cytotoxicity experiments.Morphological analysis and representative molecules(CK20 and CDX2)expression indicated that there is high similarity between colorectal cancer organoids and patient tumors.In the in vitro expanded and cultured TILs,colorectal cancer-reactive T cells with upregulated CD137 expression and increased IFN-γ secretion were screened out successfully,among which TCR2-T cells demonstrated superior tumor reactivity and in vitro tumor killing function.In conclusion,a platform for screening and function validation of reactive TCRs based on CRC-Org has been established,providing a technological platform for the translational application of individualized T-cell therapy for colorectal cancer.

Objective To investigate the relationship between serum autotaxin(ATX),energy balance re-lated protein(Adropin)and inflammatory factors and poor prognosis in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy(DCM).Methods A total of 105 DCM patients admitted to Qingdao Huangdao District Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital from June 2017 to February 2020 were selected as the DCM group,and 100 healthy volun-teers who came to the hospital for physical examination during the same period were selected as the control group.The levels of serum ATX,Adropin and inflammatory factors[hypersensitive C-reactive protein(hs-CRP)and interleukin-6(IL-6)]in the two groups were detected,and the correlation between serum ATX,Adropin and inflammatory factors was analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis.Patients in DCM group were divided into good prognosis group and poor prognosis group according to the occurrence of endpoint events during follow-up.Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors of poor prognosis in DCM patients,and receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to analyze the predictive value of serum ATX and Adropinfor poor prognosis in DCM patients.Results The serum levels of ATX,hs-CRP and IL-6 in DCM group were higher than those in control group,and the level of Adropin was lower than that in control group,with statistical significance(P＜0.05).Pearson correlation analysis showed that serum ATX level was posi-tively correlated with hs-CRP and IL-6,and serum Adropin level was negatively correlated with hs-CRP and IL-6(P＜0.05).New York Heart Association(NYHA)functional classification m to Ⅳ and serum ATX lev-el in the poor prognosis group were higher than those in the good prognosis group,the heart failure duration and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter were higher than those in the good prognosis group,the left ventric-ular ejection fraction(LVEF)and serum Adropin levels were lower than those in the good prognosis group,the difference was statistically significant(P＜0.05).Logistic regression model analysis showed that NYHA functional classification Ⅲ to Ⅳ and high ATX were risk factors for poor prognosis in DCM patients,and high Adropin and high LVEF were protective factors for poor prognosis in DCM patients(P＜0.05).ROC curve a-nalysis showed that the area under the curve(AUC)of serum ATX and Adropin in predicting poor prognosis of DCM patients was 0.841 and 0.793,respectively,and the AUC of combined prediction of poor prognosis of DCM patients was greater than that of single prediction.Conclusion Serum ATX is abnormally elevated and serum Adropin is abnormally decreased in DCM patients,both of which are closely related to inflammatory factors.Detection of serum ATX and Adropin levels can provide reference for prognosis assessment of DCM patients.

The aim of this study is to explore the protective mechanism of Jiedu Tongluo Tiaogan decoction(JTTD)on islet cells of type 2 diabetic SD rats based on autophagy regulation.8-week-old SD male mice were fed with high-fat diet for 4 weeks and then induced with a single intraper-itoneal injection of streptozotocin 40 mg/kg.The Chinese medicine group was given the low(1.5 g·kg-1·d-1),medium(4.5 g·kg-1·d-1)and high(13.5 g·kg-1·d-1)doses of JTTD,and the western medicine group was given metformin hydrochloride(0.15 g·kg-1·d-1).Fasting blood glucose(FBG),glycated serum protein(GSP),triglycerides(TG),cholesterol(CHO),high-densi-ty lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),free fat(FFA)were measured.Moreover,the fasting serum insulin was determined by ELISA method and insulin resistance index(HOMA-IR)was calculated,glucose tolerance test was performed.The pancreatic tissues of SD mice were stained with HE,and the expression of Beclin-1 and LC3 were checked by immunohistochemistry,the expression of Beclin-1,LC3 and P62 was determined by Western blot,the expression of Beclin-1 and LC3RNA was determined by RT-PCR.The results showed that both the JTTD group and metformin hydrochloride group had better hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering effects(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).HE staining of pancreatic tissues showed that disorganized structure,unclear boundary,irregular arrangement,less cytoplasm,and lighter cytoplasmic staining or vacuo-lation in the islets in the JTTD group and metformin hydrochloride group were improved.In terms of autophagy regulation,immunohistochemistry,Western blot and RT-PCR,compared with the model group,the expression of Beclin-1 and LC3 mRNA was significantly increased(P＜0.01)and the level of p62 protein was decreased(P＜0.05,P＜0.01)in the JTTD group and metformin hydrochloride group.In conclusion,the JTTD can alleviate the trend of weight loss and improve ex-cessive drinking effectively in type 2 diabetic mellitus SD mice,as well as have better effects on im-proving glucose and lipid metabolism,moreover,it can alleviate the damage of pancreatic his-topathological structure and protect islet cells,which may be achieved by regulating the level of au-tophagy.

Objective To measure and compare the cerebral blood flow(CBF)of children with autism spectrum disorder(ASD),global developmental delay(GDD),and ASD with GDD groups via arterial spin labeling(ASL)technique,and to evaluate the diag-nostic value of CBF values.Methods ASL images of ASD,GDD,and ASD with GDD groups of children were firstly acquired,and the CBF values of frontal lobe,temporal lobe,parietal lobe,occipital lobe,striatum and thalamus region of interest(ROI)were fur-ther measured,respectively.One-way analysis of variance or Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare the differences in CBF values among these three groups,and the receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to analyze the efficacy of CBF values in distinguishing ASD with GDD from without GDD.Results ASD with GDD had significantly lower CBF values in the left and right frontal lobes than those with ASD or GDD alone,and the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).The CBF values in the left and right frontal lobes effectively distinguished ASD with GDD from without GDD[area under the curve(AUC)>0.7].Conclusion ASL technique can noninvasively assess CBF in children with or without GDD,helping to understand the pathophysiology of ASD with GDD and improving diagnostic accuracy.

Objective:To compare the short-term outcomes of very low birth weight (VLBW) and extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants supplementarily fed with fortified donor human milk (DHM) or preterm formula (PF) when the mother's own milk (MOM) is insufficient.Methods:This retrospective cohort study included 91 VLBW or ELBW preterm infants with birth weight<1 500 g who were hospitalized in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from October 1, 2017, to September 30, 2020. Based on the supplemental feeding method when MOM was insufficient, these infants were divided into the DHM group ( n=51) and PF group ( n=40). Mann-Whitney U, t-test, Chi-square test, or Fisher's exact test were used to compare the short-term clinical outcomes during hospitalization between the two groups. Results:(1) There were no statistically significant differences between the 91 preterm infants in the DHM group and PF group in their gestational age, birth weight, sex ratio, birth mode, mothers' age at delivery, or the proportion of infants of small gestational age (all P>0.05). (2) The feeding volume in the DHM group was significantly greater than that in the PF group on the 14th day after birth [(108.2±53.1) vs. (81.0±47.8) ml/(kg·d), t=0.78, P=0.020]. Moreover, the time to achieve the feeding amounts up to 120 ml/(kg·d) and 150 ml/(kg·d) for infants in the DHM group were significantly shorter than those in the PF group [(17.5±10.2) vs. (30.0±12.0) d, t=4.38; (22.1±13.3) vs. (32.3±11.9) d, t=0.02; both P<0.05]; (3) Lower proportion of peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) [58.8% (30/51) vs. 100% (40/40), χ 2=21.88, P<0.001] and shorter PICC duration were observed in the DHM group [10.0 (0.0-19.0) vs. 29.0 (17.0-40.5) d, Z=5.56, P<0.001] compared to the PF group. The times of red blood cell transfusions and the incidence of late sepsis in the DHM group were less than those in the PF group [0.0 (0.0-2.0) vs. 2.0 (1.0-3.0) times, Z=4.44, P<0.001; 23.5% (12/51) vs. 50.0% (20/40), χ 2=6.39, P=0.011]. There were no statistically significant differences observed in the incidence of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, retinopathy of prematurity, and the length of hospitalization (all P>0.05). Conclusion:When MOM is insufficient, supplementing VLBW and ELBW infants with fortified donor human milk can shorten the time to achieve enteral nutrition and reduce the use rate and time of PICC, the incidence of late-onset sepsis, and the times of red blood cell transfusion.

Objective To systematically evaluate the risk factors for postoperative delirium after surgery for Stanford type A aortic dissection. Methods We searched the CNKI, SinoMed, Wanfang data, VIP, PubMed, Web of Science, EMbase, The Cochrane Library database from inception to September 2022. Case-control studies, and cohort studies on risk factors for postoperative delirium after surgery for Stanford type A aortic dissection were collected to identify studies about the risk factors for postoperative delirium after surgery for Stanford type A aortic dissection. Quality of the included studies was evaluated by the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS). The meta-analysis was performed by RevMan 5.3 software and Stata 15.0 software. Results A total of 21 studies were included involving 3385 patients. The NOS score was 7-8 points. The results of meta-analysis showed that age (MD=2.58, 95%CI 1.44 to 3.72, P＜0.000 01), male (OR=1.33, 95%CI 1.12 to 1.59, P=0.001), drinking history (OR=1.45, 95%CI 1.04 to 2.04, P=0.03), diabetes history (OR=1.44, 95%CI 1.12 to 1.85, P=0.005), preoperative leukocytes (MD=1.17, 95%CI 0.57 to 1.77), P=0.000 1), operation time (MD=21.82, 95%CI 5.84 to 37.80, P=0.007), deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) time (MD=3.02, 95%CI 1.04 to 5.01, P=0.003), aortic occlusion time (MD=8.94, 95%CI 2.91 to 14.97, P=0.004), cardiopulmonary bypass time (MD=13.92, 95%CI 5.92 to 21.91, P=0.0006), ICU stay (MD=2.77, 95%CI 1.55 to 3.99, P＜0.000 01), hospital stay (MD=3.46, 95%CI 2.03 to 4.89, P＜0.0001), APACHEⅡ score (MD=2.76, 95%CI 1.59 to 3.93, P＜0.000 01), ventilation support time (MD=6.10, 95%CI 3.48 to 8.72, P＜0.000 01), hypoxemia (OR=2.32, 95%CI 1.40 to 3.82, P=0.001), the minimum postoperative oxygenation index (MD=−79.52, 95%CI −125.80 to −33.24, P=0.000 8), blood oxygen saturation (MD=−3.50, 95%CI −4.49 to −2.51, P＜0.000 01), postoperative hemoglobin (MD=−6.35, 95%CI −9.21 to −3.50, P＜0.000 1), postoperative blood lactate (MD=0.45, 95%CI 0.15 to 0.75, P=0.004), postoperative electrolyte abnormalities (OR=5.94, 95%CI 3.50 to 10.09, P＜0.000 01), acute kidney injury (OR=1.92, 95%CI 1.34 to 2.75, P=0.000 4) and postoperative body temperature (MD=0.79, 95%CI 0.69 to 0.88, P＜0.000 01) were associated with postoperative delirium after surgery for Stanford type A aortic dissection. Conclusion The current evidence shows that age, male, drinking history, diabetes history, operation time, DHCA time, aortic occlusion time, cardiopulmonary bypass time, ICU stay, hospital stay, APACHEⅡ score, ventilation support time, hypoxemia and postoperative body temperature are risk factors for the postoperative delirium after surgery for Stanford type A aortic dissection. Oxygenation index, oxygen saturation, and hemoglobin number are protective factors for delirium after Stanford type A aortic dissection.

Objective The occurrence of chickenpox in rapidly developing areas poses substantial seasonal risk to children.However,certain factors influencing local chickenpox outbreaks have not been studied.Here,we examined the relationship between spatial clustering,heterogeneity of chickenpox outbreaks,and socioeconomic factors in Southern China. Methods We assessed chickenpox outbreak data from Southern China between 2006 and 2021,comprising both relatively fast-growing parts and slower sub-regions,and provides a representative sample of many developing regions.We analyzed the spatial clustering attributes associated with chickenpox outbreaks using Moran's I and local indicators of spatial association and quantified their socioeconomic determinants using Geodetector q statistics. Results There were significant spatial heterogeneity in the risk of chickenpox outbreaks,with strong correlations between chickenpox risk and various factors,particularly demographics and living environment.Furthermore,interactive effects among specific are factors,such as population density and per capita residential building area,percentage of households with toilets,percentage of rental housing,exhibited q statistics of 0.28,0.25,and 0.24,respectively. Conclusion This study provides valuable insights into the spatial dynamics of chickenpox outbreaks in rapidly developing regions,revealing the socioeconomic factors affecting disease transmission.These implications extend the formulation of effective public health strategies and interventions to prevent and control chickenpox outbreaks in similar global contexts.

Objective:To characterize the antimicrobial resistance, resistance machanism and population genetics of Salmonella( S.) Derby in China, preliminarily reveal the population genetic characteristics of S. Derby in China, discover possible transmission patterns or potential transmission pathways, and provide certain reference for strengthening S. disease monitoring and developing prevention and control strategies. Methods:A total of 201 strains of S. Derby from different areas in China were used for the susceptible tests to 16 antibiotics and whole-genome sequencing. Finally, combined with the genome sequences of 134 strains of S. Derby from public databases, 335 strains of S. Derby were used for resistance genotype analysis and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), and a phylogenetic tree based on the core genome single nucleotide polymorphisms was constructed for evolutionary analysis. Results:The results showed that 201 strains of S. Derby showed resistance to 16 kinds of antibiotics at different levels. The overall resistance rate was 97.51%. The resistance rates to antibiotics varied in S. Derby from different sources (human, animal, and food), the differences were significant (all P<0.05). A total of 38 resistance genes were carried by 335 strains of S. Derby, of which, fosfomycin gene fosA7 was found in all the strains (100.00%) and aminoglycoside genes aac(6')-Iaa accounted for 99.70%. The consistency of resistance genes and phenotypes varied with antibiotics. Except aminoglycosides and chloramphenicol, the consistencies of resistance genes and phenotypes for other antibiotics were high. MLST showed that 334 strains of S. Derby belonged to ST40. Phylogenetic trees indicated the risk for cross-infection between animal and human, food and human, and the possibility of long-distance interprovincial transmission of the bacteria by animal, to which further epidemiological studies are needed. Conclusions:The drug resistance of S. Derby is serious in China and the risk for cross-transmission between human and animal or food exists. It is necessary to establish and strengthen the comprehensive surveillance and risk assessment to prevent the spread of antibiotic resistant strains or elements through animal, food and human chains.

Objective:To establish a matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) assay for the identification of common Salmonella serotypes and provide etiology evidence for the early precise treatment of salmonellosis. Methods:A total of 500 strains were collected from different regions and sources and five predominant Salmonella serotypes ( Salmonella Typhi , Salmonella Paratyphi A , Salmonella Typhimurium , Salmonella Enteritidis , and Salmonella Indiana) of each strain was identified by agglutination test and whole-genome sequencing. The protein complex of the strains was extracted by using optimized pretreatment method to establish the fingerprint database of peptides for each Salmonella serotype. The new serotyping assays were established by using different modules based on the mass spectra database. Additional 155 strains with specified serotypes and variant sources were used to test and evaluate the accuracy of the new typing assays. Results:Five MALDI-TOF MS databases were established, and two new serotyping assays were established via peptide fingerprint mapping/matching and machine learning of the neuronal convolutional network respectively based on the databases. The results showed that the fingerprint matching approach could quickly identify five common Salmonella serotypes in clinical practice compared with the machine learning method, the accuracy of fingerprint matching assay to identify five Salmonella serotypes reached 100.00% and the serotyping can be conducted within a short time (15-20 minutes) and had a good reproducibility, while the machine learning method could not completely identify these serotypes. Moreover the sensitivity and specificity of fingerprint matching assay were all 100.00% respectively, while they were only 82.23% and 95.81% for machine learning method. Conclusion:The established Salmonella serotyping assay based on MALDI-TOF MS in this study can easily, rapidly and accurately identify different serotypes of Salmonella.