Esophageal pressure(Pes)is usually measured via a catheter with an air - filled thin - walled latex balloon inserted nasally or orally. To validate Pes measurement,a dynamic occlusion test measures the ratio of change in Pes to change in Paw during inspiratory efforts against a closed airway. This report summarizes current physiological and technical knowledge on esophageal pressure measurements in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. The respiratory changes in Pes are representative of changes in pleural pressure. The difference between airway pressure(Paw)and Pes is a valid estimate of transpulmonary pressure. Because of the nonuniformity of lesion of pulmonary in patient with acute respiratory distress syndrome,Paw and volume can not represent the stress to expand the pulmonary. How to adjust posi-tive end expiratory pressure(PEEP)is still lack of gold standard. The use of Pes for PEEP titration may help improve oxygenation and compliance,or even has the possibility to improve the patient outcome.

Objective To investigate epidemiological characteristics in hospitalized adolescents and children who suffered from traffic injuries,such as source and location of an accident,the victim's gender arid age,and the site of injury.Methods The chosen subjects were 163 hospitalized children aged 1 to 18 years old,who were admitted to general hospitals in Shanghai in the years of 2004 to 2005 as a result of traffic injuries.Descriptive statistics and analysis were used to interpret the data.Results Children of immigrant workers and suburban residents were the main victims ;the main cause of injury was the collision between the motor vehicle and the pedestrian;this type of traffic injury was the most prevalent among children between 5 to 9 years old;and the locations of the injury was most commonly found in the head,the face, and the extremities.Conclusions From this statistical evidence,it could be concluded that it would be worthwhile for the government to pay more attention to children of immigrants and suburban residents to effectively educate them about traffic safety and knowledge,tt is also advisable to improve the safety protection and post - traffic injury care of children passengers.

Objective To discuss the status of cesarean section in Shao Xing area, to investigate the indications of cesarean section rate and to study the possibility and feasibility for decreasing it. Methods All pregnant women and obstetricians of seven hospitals were asked to answer a designed questionaire, then the indications of cesarean section were appraised by the experts. Results The average cesarean section rate was 46.1%, the indications for cesarean section were as followed: cephalopelvic disproportion, fetal distress, social factors, proper indications for cesarean section were 74.0%. Conclusions The cesarean section rate can be decreased to 30% and less with the current standard of practice.

Objective:To investigate the prognostic factors for long-term outcomes in elderly patients after colorectal cancer(CRC)resection.Methods:Patients(aged ≥60 years)undergone CRC resection in 2004 with more than 10-year survival records from the SEER database were retrospective analyzed.Potential prognostic risk factors for survival, such as age, sex, race, marital status, tumor site and size, clinical staging, TNM staging and lymph node clearance(lymph nodes dissection)were assessed by using the Cox proportional hazards model.Results:A total of 15 775 CRC patients were enrolled in this study, including 7 828(49.6%)males and 7 947(50.4%)females.The 10-year overall survival(OS)was shorter in patients aged over 80 years than in patients aged 60 years( P=0.000). Multivariate analysis showed that females had a better 10-year OS than males( P=0.000). Univariate analysis showed no difference in 10-year OS between females and males( P=0.837). Compared with married patients, single, unmarried or widowed patients displayed a poorer 10-year OS( P=0.000)and that patients with cecum and appendix cancer had the worst 10-year OS( P=0.000), but it did not find any difference between primary tumors in different sites.Patients with a tumor size over 5 cm or at advanced stage(T3-T4, N1-N2 and M1)had a low 10-year OS( P=0.000). Conclusions:Old age, black race, single, unmarried or widowed status, tumor size over 5 cm and advanced stage(T3-T4, N1-N2 and M1)are negative predictors for 10-year OS in CRC patients and these findings can be used for education and treatment improvement strategies for CRC in future.

Objective To investigate the status of nurses' resilience and to explore the related factors.Methods 1356 nurses from 11 level Ⅱ and level Ⅲ hospitals of Guangzhou were assessed by using the general information questionnaire and the Chinese version of Conner-Davidson resilience scale.Results The score of nurses' resilience was(59.99±13.59)points and it was significantly lower than that of the domestic norm.There was statistical difference of the score of nurses' resilience on different genders,educational background,professional titles,hospital level and night shifts.There was a positive correlation among educational background,night shifts and nurses' resilience,and a negative correlation between hospital level and nurses' resilience.The hospital level,night shifts and educational background were the influencing factors of nurses' resilience.Conclusions The level of nurses' resilience is low.The higher hospital level and educational background,and the less night shift,the higher of nurses' resilience.

Objective To investigate the imaging features of primary clear cell carcinoma of liver and to assess the role of CT and MRI in the diagnosis of the disease. Methods Nineteen cases of primary liver clear cell carcinoma of liver were collected. All cases were confirmed by operation and pathology. Both pre-contrast and post-contrast scans with spiral CT were performed in 13 cases. MRI with T1WI, T2WI, and dynamic multi-phase contrast scanning were performed in 8 cases. Imaging findings in all cases were retrospectively reviewed. Results On pre-contrast CT scans, all 13 lesions appeared as hypodensity and among them irregular more hypodense region was found in 9 cases. On the arterial phase, all cases showed obvious enhancement, among which 9 cases were enhanced heterogeneously with central non-enhanced area.On the portal venous phase, 11 lesions were hypodense compared with normal live parenchyma and 2 lesions were isodense. The rim enhancement of tumor capsule was demonstrated in 3 cases. On MR T1WI, 5 of 8 were hypointense and 3 were slightly hyperintense. On MR T2WI, 5 of 8 cases were heterogeneously hyperintense, and 3 were iso-hypointense. On the MR arterial phase, marked enhancement was found in all 8 cases. On the portal venous phase and delayed phase, 7 of 8 cases were hypointense and 1 was isointense.The rim enhancement of tumor capsule was found in 2 cases. Conclusion CT and MRI can display the characteristic features of primary clear cell carcinoma of liver and can be helpful to improve the diagnostic accuracy.

Objective To observe the usage of antiasthmatic drugs and seek problems of following the guidelines of asthma and COPD prevention & treatment in community hospitals.Methods The prescribed quantity in 2013 of antiasthmatic drugs was recorded for 5 community hospitals in a district of Shanghai.Basing on the defined daily dose (DDD),the dosing frequency of drugs (DDDs) and the percentages of each category of drugs were calculated.Then comparisons were made with the data of a grade Ⅱ hospital and a grade Ⅲ hospital in the same district.Results Among three level hospitals,no significant difference existed in the percentages of oral antiasthmatic drugs.But the major category of oral drugs at grades Ⅱ-Ⅲ hospitals was leukotriene receptor antagonist whereas only oral theophylline and oral β2-receptor agonists were available at community hospitals.Among inhaled drugs,inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) dominated at grades Ⅱ-Ⅲ hospitals.But at community hospitals,inhaled short-acting beta-agonists (SABA) predominated.Among inhalants,dry powder inhaler (DPI) dominated at grades Ⅱ-Ⅲ hospitals and metered dose inhaler (MDI) at community hospitals.Conclusions The usage of antiasthmatics at community hospitals is not consistent with the guidelines.Optimizing drug purchasing at hospitals,strengthening continued medical education,modifying the medication concept of patients and boosting the production of domestic inhalants should be urgently undertaken.

Objective To select the components for quality control of Fructus Lycii based on the absorption of its extract. Methods To investigate metabolism of components of Fructus Lycii, everted rat gut sacs was carried out as well as the blood was taken from abdominal aorta,.and all samples were analysised by HPLC. Results There are twelve constituents absorbed between ileum and jejunum of rat , and four constituents were detected in the blood. Compound 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11 were absorbed in prototype forms in the intestine directly,and compound 1, 7, 8, 12 were new ones. On the other hand, four compositions(3, 7, 10, 13)could be absorbed into blood through analysis serum samples obtaining from aorta abdominalis of rats. Two of them (3, 10)could be absorbed directly by intestine, while(7)was absorbed into blood in new form . Conclusion Based on the intestinal absorption experiment and analysion of compsition in blood, components (3, 10, 13) can be the quality control ingredients of Fructus Lycii.

Objective To explore the resilience and its influencing factors of nurses.Methods I 356 nurses from 11 comprehensive hospitals of Guangzhou were assessed by Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale,General Self-Efficacy Scale,Simplified Coping Style Questionnaire and Chinese Nurse Job Stress Scale.Results ①The score of nurses' resilience was (59.99± 13.59) and it was significantly lower (t=-t4.656,P＜0.001) than that of the domestic norm (65.4±13.9,n=560).There were statistic difference (P＜0.05) among the total score and 3 dimensions scores of resilience on different educational level and professional rank of nurses.②Nurses' resilience had a obvious positive correlation with the educational level,professional rank,self-efficacy,positive coping(P＜ 0.01),and a obvious negative correlation with the negative coping and job stress(P＜0.01).It can be assumed that educational level,self-efficacy,coping style and job stress had good predictive ability (47.4％).Conclusion The nurses have low resilience than general population.Educational level,self-efficacy,coping style and job stress are influencing factors of resilience.

Objective To develop a nested PCR for the detection of early syphilis and genotyping of Treponema pallidum (TP), and to investigate the distribution of genotypes of TP in Guangzhou. Methods Specimens were consecutively collected from genital ulcers of patients with suspected chancre during 2002-2004, and were detected by dark-field microscopy and nested PCR. The acidic repeat protein (arp) gene and the T. pallidum repeat (tpr) gene family were amplified with the positive specimens above. The number of repeats presented in the arp gene and the restriction fragment length polymorphism by Mse I in the tpr gene were analyzed by electrophoresis. The strains were genotyped according to Pillay's criteria. Results Out of 62 patients with suspected chancre, 33 cases (53.2%) were positive by dark-field microscopy and 54 cases (87.1%) by nested PCR. Of 47 TP-positive specimens genotyped by arp gene, 36 (76.6%) were type 14, while of 49 cases genotyped by tpr gene 39 (79.6%) were type d. By combining genotypes of arp and tpr genes, 7 genotypes were found, including 14d (31, 66.0%), 13d (5, 10.6%), 14b (4, 8.5%), 12b (3, 6.4%), 12d (2, 4.3%), 15d(l, 2.2%) and 14i (1, 2.2%). Conclusions Nested PCR shows a high sensitivity in early detection of TP. Genotype 14d seems the predominant type of TP in Guangzhou.