Biomechanical factors play a crucial role in the steady-state maintenance of articular cartilage. The primary cilium (PC) is a kind of organelle which can sense mechanical and chemical signals at the same time. It is also distributed on the surface of chondrocyte membrane. It is involved in multiple signal transduction pathways as well as in the process of chondrocyte phenotype maintenance and material metabolism. Abnormalities in PC are also associated with a variety of human bone and joint diseases. This paper mainly discusses the mechanism of PC in mechanical microenvironment of chondrocytes and the interaction with other signaling pathways, and explores its relationship with bone and joint diseases, so as to provide some scientific basis for clinical and basic research in orthopedics.

Depression is a major cause of disability and has adverse effects.Despite the many types of anti-depressants,clinical treatments of depression remain poor.Therefore,novel anti-depressant mechanisms need to be explored.The beneficial effects of irisin on the nervous system are gradually being elucidated,and studies have found that irisin has an anti-depressant effect,which may become a new treatment for depression.This study explored the mechanism of irisin and its upstream and downstream anti-depressants by reviewing the existing studies explaining the link between irisin and depression,and proposes that SIRT1/PGC-1α may mediate FNDC5/irisin to regulate BDNF to promote neurogenesis and improve depression,which provides a new idea to study irisin and its upstream and downstream anti-depressants.

【Objective】 To explore the factors influencing newborn birth weight under the universal two-child policy in Xi’an so as to provide information for maternal health. 【Methods】 For this study we selected the mothers who delivered babies at Xi’an Northwest Women’s and Children’s Hospital from May 2018 to November 2019. Their data included maternal demographic characteristics， delivery mode， and infants’ outcomes. Single factor analysis and multi-factor linear regression methods were used to analyze the factors influencing the birth weight of newborns of different age and mothers’ parity after the universal two-child policy. 【Results】 The newborns’ average birth weight was （3 377±449） g. The incidence of low birth weight and macrosomia was 7.4% and 2.5%， respectively. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that gestational week of delivery （β=0.322， P<0.001）， gender （β=0.135， P<0.001）， pre-pregnancy BMI （β=0.148， P<0.001）， weight gain during pregnancy （β=0.144， P<0.001） all affected the birth weight of the newborns. In addition， in the dummy variable group， the birth weight of second-born mothers of right age （β=0.115， P<0.001） and second-born mothers （β=0.077， P=0.001） were significantly higher in elder age group than in the primipara of right age group （P<0.05）. The birth weight of the primipara in elder age group did not significantly differ from that of the primipara in right age group （P>0.05）. 【Conclusion】 Maternal women should do a good job in pre-pregnancy assessment， control pre-pregnancy weight， and gain reasonable weight during pregnancy. The community and hospitals should strengthen pre-pregnancy health education so as to scientifically and effectively improve maternal and infant outcomes.

Irritable bowel syndrome （IBS） is a functional gastrointestinal disease， but it often causes extreme gastrointestinal discomfort and prolonged illness， which seriously affects the quality of life of patients. The global incidence rate is increasing year by year. Clinically， western medicine mainly uses oral antispasmodics， secretagogues， and antidepressants， but there are many disadvantages such as adverse reactions and poor long-term efficacy. Therefore， finding an efficient and safe treatment method is an urgent problem to be solved. A large number of studies have shown that traditional Chinese medicine has definite curative and long-lasting effects on the treatment of IBS， which has become a hot research direction in recent years. By searching Chinese and foreign literature， it is found that electroacupuncture， moxibustion， Chinese medicine monomers， and compound decoctions are the main methods in the mechanism research of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of IBS-related pathways， and their signaling pathways involve nuclear transcription factor kappa B （NF-κB）， transient receptor potential vanillin subfamily 1 （TRPV1）， 5-hydroxytryptamine （5-HT）， mitogen-activated protein kinase （MAPK）， and so on. Traditional Chinese medicine can repair intestinal inflammation， reduce visceral sensitivity， enhance intestinal mucosal barrier， and regulate intestinal motility by regulating this series of signaling pathways， thereby playing an important role in the treatment of IBS with multi-level， multi-link and multi-target characteristics. Based on the cell signaling pathways， this paper reviewed the research progress on the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of IBS， hoping to provide theoretical support and diagnosis and treatment ideas for the clinical treatment of IBS with traditional Chinese medicine.

OBJECTIVES: Intrauterine adhesion (IUA) is mainly caused by intrauterine operations such as pregnancy-related curettage and hysteroscopic surgery, resulting in the trauma to the basal layer of the endometrium. Hysteroscopic adhesiolysis is a crucial step in the comprehensive treatment of IUA, and the most common complication is uterine perforation. More than half of all uterine perforations occur during the hysteroscopy or probe/dilator pass through the internal os. Furthermore, inappropriate surgical procedures may lead to endometrial injury, recurrence or even aggravation of adhesions, and complications such as cervix laceration and false passage formation. This study aims to explore the usage of the hysteroscopic dilatation techniques to dilate the internal os and lower uterine segment, which is via hysteroscopy entering the internal os laterally and swinging, or by directly opening the forceps or scissors and bluntly spreading dissection under direct hysteroscopic vision. By using the hysteroscopic dilatation techniques, we intend to improve the effectiveness and safety of cervical dilation in patients with IUA in the internal os and/or lower uterine segment. METHODS: A total of 282 patients with adhesions in the internal os or lower uterine segment underwent HA in the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University from January 2020 to June 2021 were included, ranging from 21 to 46 (33.0±4.8) years old in age and 5 to 12 in the American Fertility Society score. Among them, there were 2 cases of false passage formation caused by traditional dilatation in other hospitals. All patients underwent hysteroscopy with integrated hysteroscopy with 5Fr instrument channel and 4.9 mm outer sheath diameter. The internal orifice of cervix and the lower segment of uterine cavity were dilated under the microscope. After the hysteroscopy entered the uterine cavity, the separation of uterine cavity adhesion and the placement of uterine contraceptive ring or uterine stent into the uterine cavity were performed routinely. Age, surgical records, and surgical videos of all included cases were collected. The success rate of dilation and the incidence of surgical complications were assessed. RESULTS: In all cases, the hysteroscopys successfully entered into the uterine cavity by using the hysteroscopic dilatation techniques without failure and switching to cervical dilators. In the 2 cases of false passage due to previous cervical dilation, the uterine cavity was identified and found successfully under direct hysteroscopic vision. During the whole surgery, the vision was clear, and no complications (such as cervix laceration, false passage formation, uterine perforation or water intoxication) occurred. One to 3 months postoperative hysteroscopy revealed no significant fibrotic stenosis in the internal os and lower uterine segment. CONCLUSIONS The hysteroscopic dilation techniques are a strategy for separation methods that is following structural hierarchy anatomy in the mode of "see and treat" for the adhesion in the internal os and uterine cavity under direct hysteroscopic vision. This method not only has ultrasound guidance, but also has the judgment of structural hierarchy anatomy under direct hysteroscopic vision, so there is less chance of anatomical level judgment error. This method makes full use of the hysteroscopic judgement of the experienced hysteroscopic surgeons, so that surgeons can timely find and avoid re-entering the old false passage caused by previous surgery. The adhesions in the internal os and lower uterine segment were separated by the hysteroscopic dilation techniques. In this way, the damage to the endometrium caused by forced insertion of the hysteroscopy can be avoided. Meticulous separation of adhesions and cervical dilation under direct hysteroscopic vision can effectively reduce the occurrence of surgical complications such as false passage formation, cervical laceration, and uterine perforation. The use of mini-hysteroscopy eliminates the need for preoperative cervical preparation, avoiding associated risks and side effects. Moreover, for patients with adhesions in the internal os and lower uterine segment, preoperative cervical preparation is not effective in cervical dilation, while the hysteroscopic dilation techniques are effective, with higher patient acceptance due to the absence of preoperative cervical preparation. For the skilled hysteroscopic surgeons, the hysteroscopic dilation technique is easy to operate and worthy of clinical application.
Humans ; Female ; Child, Preschool ; Child ; Adult ; Uterine Perforation