OBJECTIVETo assess changes in prevalence and degree of dental fluorosis in individuals born before and after the introduction of water with 1.2 mg/L fluoride instead of water with 2.0-10.0 mg/L fluoride previously used in Da Li County in China.

METHODSThe students (n = 291) were divided into 2 groups. The dental fluorosis was scored according to Dean's classification. The statistical analysis was performed by t-test and chi(2) tests.

RESULTSThe prevalence of dental fluorosis was significantly lower in the group of the students drinking water from the new well (group 1) as compared to the group of the students drinking the old water (group 2), i.e. 48.8% versus 87.2% (P < 0.01). The percentage of moderate to very severe fluorosis was 13.9% and 0 in group 1 as compared to 32.0% and 8.8% in group 2. The fluorosis community index (FCI), defined by Dean, in group 1 and 2 was medium (1.01) and marked (2.12) respectively.

CONCLUSIONSThe results showed that: (1) The prevalence of dental fluorosis was significantly lowered by the new source of drinking water. (2) Drinking water, even with 1.2 mg/L fluoride, may cause dental fluorosis during the period of tooth mineralization.

Adolescent ; Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Fluorides ; analysis ; Fluorosis, Dental ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Male ; Prevalence ; Sex Factors ; Water Supply ; analysis

Amino Acid Sequence ; Base Sequence ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; drug effects ; enzymology ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; beta-Lactamases ; chemistry ; genetics

The present work is to investigate the correlation between physical properties and deformation behaviors of tablet excipients, and rank them according to their plastic performances during compaction. The excipients selected were compacted using Korsch XP1 after measuring their physical properties where the compression parameters for evaluating deformation behaviors were Heckle equation, compression work and elastic stretch in die. The correlations between compaction descriptors and physical parameters were analyzed by canonical correlation analysis, and factor analysis was simultaneously employed to synthetically assess deformation behaviors for all our samples. The canonical variables show that true density (Pa) correlated negatively with plastic coefficient (PL) and positively with yield pressure (YP); compression degree (Cp) correlated negatively with fast elastic stretch (FES) as well as YP and positively with PL. When factor scores were used in combination with original data, the plasticity of our samples was sorted and ranked as high (-0.56 < F' < 0.21), intermediate (-0.16 < F' < 0.36), or low (0.38 < F' < 0.84), which are in accord with plasticity rankings previously reported in literature. This study indicates factor analysis can be an approach to evaluate deformation behaviors of pharmaceutical powders.
Chemistry, Pharmaceutical ; methods ; Compressive Strength ; Elasticity ; Excipients ; chemistry ; Factor Analysis, Statistical ; Particle Size ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; chemistry ; Powders ; chemistry ; Pressure ; Tablets

Objective: To investigate death and attrition in HIV-infected children under initial antiretroviral therapy (ART) and associated factors in Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted in HIV-infected children under initial ART in Guangxi from 2004 to 2019, data from ART information system of National comprehensive AIDS prevention and treatment information system. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess factors associated with the death and attrition. Results: In 943 HIV-infected children, the overall mortality and attrition rates were 1.00/100 person-years and 0.77/100 person-years, respectively. The mortality and attrition rates within the first year of ART were 3.90/100 person-years and 1.67/100 person-years, respectively. The cumulative survival rate during the first, second, fifth and tenth year after ART was 96.14%, 95.80%, 93.68% and 91.54%, respectively. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards models results showed that being female (aHR=2.00, 95%CI: 1.17-3.40), CD4⁺T lymphocytes (CD4) counts before ART <200 cells/μl (aHR=2.79, 95%CI: 1.54-5.06), weight-for-age Z score before ART <-2 (aHR=2.38, 95%CI: 1.32-4.26), hemoglobin before ART <80 g/L (aHR=2.47, 95%CI: 1.24-4.92), initial ART with LPV/r (aHR=5.05, 95%CI: 1.15-22.12) were significantly associated with death; being female (aHR=2.23, 95%CI: 1.22-4.07) and initial ART with LPV/r (aHR=2.02, 95%CI: 1.07-3.79) were significantly associated with attrition. Conclusions: The effect of ART in HIV-infected children in Guangxi was better, but the mortality and attrition rates were high within the first year of treatment. It is necessary to strengthen the training in medical staff and health education in HIV-infected children and their parents in order to improve the treatment effect.
Anti-HIV Agents/therapeutic use* ; Child ; China/epidemiology* ; Female ; HIV Infections/drug therapy* ; Humans ; Male ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Retrospective Studies