OBJECTIVE:To determine the concentration of clindamycin in woman milk by RP-HPLC.METHODS:The concentration of clindamycin(with tinidazole served as internal standard) was determined by liquid-liquid extraction-HPLC.The chromatographic column was Luna C18 and the mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-tetrahydrofuran-phosphate buffer (pH 5)(30∶1∶70) at a flow rate of 0.8 mL?min-1.The temperature of the column was kept at 40 ℃ and the detection wavelength was set at 205 nm.RESULTS:The linear range of clindamycin was 0.529～10.580 ?g?mL-1(r=0.996 7) with a lowest detectable limit of 0.2 ?g?mL-1.The average methodological recovery rate of clindamycin was 98.84%;both the inter-day RSD and intra-day RSD of clindamycin(at low,medium and high concentrations) were all less than 5%.CONCLUSION:The method is simple,rapid,sensitive,accurate and reproducible,and it is applicable for the determination of clindamycin concentration in woman milk.

To observe the expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 in brain after spared nerve injury (SNI) and compare the analgesic effects of COX inhibitors with different selectivity. Radioimmunoassay, RT-PCR and Western blotting techniques were used to evaluate the change of brain COX expression at different time points( before SNI, 1 h, 12 h, 1 d, 3 d, 7 d, 14 d, 30 d and 60 d after SNI); By exploring hot plate test, we observed the reacting time of animals after injection of saline, NS-398, SC-560 and indomethacin at different time points. The results showed that: ( 1 ) The expression of brain COX-1 didn't increase significantly until 14 d after SNI, while that of COX-2 increased significantly and rapidly after SNI and reached peak at the time point of 1 d ( all P ＜0.05 ); (2) NS-398 showed significant analgesic effect on neuropathic pain after SNI at the early phase ( P ＜ 0.05 ), but didn't persist for over 30 d; ( 3 ) Indomethacin and SC-560 didn't show significant analgesic effects until 14 d. These results suggest that brain COX-1 is involved in the late phase of neuropathic pain and may play a role in the persistence of pain, while brain COX-2 is involved in the early phase of neuropathic pain and may play a role in the pain origination.

Objective To adjust the layout of secondary medicine shelves in hospital pharmacy for outpatient services and optimize the varieties of automated equipment to improve working process and promote human-machine cooperation.Methods This article discussed the adjustment of the layout of secondary medicine shelves in hospital pharmacy for outpatient services and the optimization of varieties of automated equipment for storing by analyzing actual problems in automated system and clinical drug uses and the requirements of the automated equipment for drug storage respectively to improve working process and to adapt to the operation of outpatient pharmacy automated system.Results Dispensing efficiency of outpatient pharmacy automated system was improved, patients′ waiting time was significantly shortened, and the workload of pharmacists was decreased.Conclusion Optimization of hospital pharmacy drug delivery system and its operation can obviously improve work efficiency, shorten patients′ waiting time and reduce dispensing error, thus ensuring the safety of medication.

Objective The article was to analyze the payment structure of hospitalized urban employees receiving basic medi -cal insurance and the factors affecting the payment structure , resulting in measures to control the in-hospital fee of Medicare patients . Methods Statistical analysis was done on hospitalization expenses , expense composition and payment structure of hospitalized Medi-care patients in a first-class comprehensive hospital from 2002 to 2012 .The analysis of multiple stepwise regression were done on possi-ble influencing factors of hospitalization expenses and payment structure . Results With the adjustment of health policy , the propor-tion of medical insurance fund payment in the hospitalization expenses increased year by year , while the individual payment-scale re-duced accordingly .The hospitalization expenses and payment structure of Medicare patients were correlated with Medicare payment pol -icy, social demographic characteristics and clinical disease features . Conclusion By rational control on controllable factors , empha-sis on health care education , adjustment on Medicare payment policy and promotion on two way referral system , it is hopeful to realize the effective utilization of health resources , to achieve reasonable control on medical costs , and to reduce patients'economic burden .

To study the effect of miR-490 on Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) replication, HeLa cells were trans- fected with miR-490 in vitro, and infected with a Renilla luciferase (RLuc)-expressing CVB3 variant (RLuc-CVB3). The activities of RLuc in these cells were measured at 8h intervals from 0 to 40 h post-infection (p.i.), and the effects of miR-490 on RLuc-CVB3 replication were observed. In a further study, HeLa cells were transfected with either miR-490 or antisense miR-490 (AMO-miR-490), and were then infected with an enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP)-expressing CVB3 variant (EGFP-CVB3). The replication of EGFP-CVB3 was then determined by detecting the expression of EGFP. We observed that miR-490 could significantly inhibit the expression of RLuc in infected cells at 32 h p. i. Furthermore, in HeLa cells infected with EGFP-CVB3 at 32 h p.i., EGFP expression was also significantly inhibited by the presence of mniR-490. The inhibitory effect of miR-490 on EGFP expression in EGFP-CVB3-infected cells could be reversed by tranfection with AMQ-miR-490. These results indicated that miR-490 significantly inhibits the replication and expression of QVB3.
Enterovirus B, Human ; genetics ; physiology ; Enterovirus Infections ; genetics ; metabolism ; virology ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; MicroRNAs ; genetics ; metabolism ; Virus Replication

OBJECTIVEIt laid the foundation of the large sample data mining for a comprehensive summary concerning four properties theory of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and also provided theory clues on determination of four properties for the new resource development of TCM and the clinical use of Chinese medicine.

METHODFour properties data of 8 980 Chinese medicines from "Chinese herbal medicine (CHM)" and associated function index data were chose as data sets. Then, the IBM SPSS Clementine 14.1 data mining platform and Apriori model were adopted to mining classification-association rules, setting the minimum support threshold of rule antecedent and the minimum confidence threshold as 0.5% and 60%.

RESULT11 classification-association rules involved in warm, cold and mild natures were found.

CONCLUSIONIt was discovered that the TCM with functions of "dispelling wind-cold, warming the middle, stopping pain and expelling wind-removing dampness, tonifying kidney yang, unblocking meridians and expelling wind-removing dampness, dispelling cold to stop pain, strengthening sinews-bones and expelling wind-removing dampness" was likely warm-natured, with functions of "tonifying the lung" was likely mild-natured, and with functions of " clearing heat and drying dampness, clearing heat and purging fire, eliminating restlessness" was likely cold-natured.

Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; chemistry ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Phytotherapy

OBJECTIVEIn order to provide theoretical clues and data support for the use of Chinese medicine clinical drug, experimental study of Chinese materia medica and development of new resources of Chinese materia medica, the four properties as the core, the relationships of property, flavor, channel tropism and toxicity in nature data of Chinese materia medica were analyzed.

METHODThe spearman rank correlation method was employed to analyze 8 356 Chinese drugs with characteristic of four properties from " Chinese Herbal Medicine" based on data level coding.

RESULTIt was discovered that four properties showed significant positive correlations with tastes of "pungent and sweet" , channels of "spleen" , "stomach" , "kidney" and "toxicity" , but also showed significant negative correlations with tastes of "bitter" and "light" and six channels such as "large intestine" , "heart", "bladder" , "gallbladder" , "small intestine" and "lung" (in descending order of correlation ) (P <0. 01).

CONCLUSIONIt was indicated that the more hot the Chinese medicine nature, the more possible it contained "toxicity" , tastes of "pungent" and "sweet" , and the more possible it was belong to channels of "spleen" , "stomach" and "kidney". As well, the more cold the Chinese medicine nature, the more possible it contained tastes of "bitter" and "light", and the more possible it was belong to six channels such as "large intestine", etc.

Herbal Medicine ; methods ; Materia Medica ; standards ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; methods ; standards

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of the combination chemotherapy of oxaliplatin with capecitabine(XELOX)in patients with advanced gastric cancer.

METHODSThirty-eight advanced gastric cancer patients who received XELOX regimen during 2004-2009 were analyzed retrospectively. The combination chemotherapy included oxaliplatin as 2-hour infusion on day 1 and capecitabine po bid on days 1 to 14. Treatment was repeated every 3 weeks.

RESULTSXELOX regime was applied as first-line therapy in 34 patients and as second-line therapy in 4 patients. After three cycles of chemotherapy, the outcomes in 32 patients who received XELOX as the first-line therapy included partial response (n = 8,25.0%), stable disease (n=14,43.8%), and progressive disease (n=10, 31.2%); no patient achieved complete response. The median time to progression and overall survival time were 7.0 months (95% CI: 4.5-9.5 months) and 12 months (95% CI: 9.8-14.2 months), respectively. One-year and two-year survival rates were 40.6% and 23.7%, respectively. Grade 3-4 toxicities including neutropenia (10.5%), thrombocytopenia (2.6%), nausea (7.9%), and vomiting (5.3%)were noted in a few patients.

CONCLUSIONXELOX regimen can be effectively and safely applied as first-line treatment for advanced gastric cancer patients.

Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols ; therapeutic use ; Capecitabine ; Deoxycytidine ; administration & dosage ; analogs & derivatives ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Fluorouracil ; administration & dosage ; analogs & derivatives ; therapeutic use ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Organoplatinum Compounds ; administration & dosage ; Retrospective Studies ; Stomach Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; Treatment Outcome

Objective To compare the sub-cellular proteome of isoniazid ( INH)-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) with that of sensitive strains for identifying of unique proteins of these strains and discussing their preliminary application in clinical diagnosis. MethodsProteins of cell wall and membrane of 5 INH-resistant strains and 5 INH-sensitive strains were extracted by density gradient centrifugation.The extracts were subsequently analyzed using weak cation exchange (WCX) liquid chromatography ( LC )followed reverse phase (RP) liquid chromatography to compare the sub-cellular protein patterns. A total of 1280 fractions were collected and identified by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight-tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS/MS). The Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) was used for cell component and biological process analysis. Normalized Spectral Abundance Factors (NASF) was used for semi-quantity of protein expression. 5 proteins significantly up-regulated in INH-resistant strains and 2 proteins significantly up-regulated in INH-sensitive strains were selected for ELISA analysis with autologous sera respectively. Results A total of 347 proteins were identified. Cell component analysis showed that 58％ proteins were cells well or membrane proteins. Biological process analysis showed that 31％ proteins involved in carboxylic/monocarboxylic acid biosynthetic and metabolic process, 26％ and 15％ proteins involved in organic acid or fatty acid biosynthetic and metabolic process,while 28％ proteins involved in lipid biosynthetic , metabolic, transport and localization process. O-succinylbenzoate synthase, monooxygenase, hypothetical protein Rv2255c, nicotinate-nucleotide--dimethylbenzimidazole phosphoribosyltransferase and membrane phosphatidate cytidylyltransferase cdsA were up-regulated in INH-resistant strains and fractions contained these proteins could elicit specific antibody response with autologous sera. The A450 was higher than that with INH-sensitive sera. The differences between the INH-resistant sera and the INH-sensitive sera were significant ( t = 0.028, 0.044, 0.066, 0.064, 0.083, all P＜0.01 ). Chain A of Rv2002 Gene Product and Chain A of Crystal Structure Of Rv2632c were up-regulated in INH-sensitive strains and fractions contained these proteins could elicit specific antibody response with autologous sera. The A450 was higher than that with INH-resistant sera. The differences between the INH-sensitive sera and the INH-resistant sera were significant (t=0.053, 0.073, both P＜0.05). ConclusionThe combination of density gradient centrifugation and 2D-LC MS/MS technology is useful in enrichment and identification of differential expressed proteins between INH-resistant and INH-sensitive strains at sub-cellular level. It is useful in finding antigens associated with INH-resistant MTB infection, which may prove useful for further study in the mechanism of INH resistant, as well as interaction between MTB and host.

Oxaliplatin-loaded nanostuctured lipid carriers (OP-NLC) were prepared by ultrasonic emulsification method. And its optimal prescription was selected by orthogonal design. The laser light scattering technique, zeta potential analyzer, TEM, DSC, XRD and HPLC were employed to study the physicochemical parameters of OP-NLC, which displayed in terms of particle size, zeta potential, crystalline, drug loading and encapsulation efficiency. The results showed that OP-NLC had an average diameter of (111 +/- 20) nm, zeta potential of (-27.4 +/- 13.1) mV, encapsulation efficiency of (77.4 +/- 2.5) % and drug content of (0.8 +/- 1.5) mg mL(-1). TEM, DSC and XRD indicated that OP-NLC was spherical and the drug was dispersed as nanoparticles by means of non-crystalline. The in vitro release test showed that the drug could be sustained-released from NLC in buffer solution (pH 4.5) after a burst release in initial phase.