This paper designed an index for the differences in medical service prices and this index therein named the Hospital Price Difference Index ( HPDI) which is used as a quantitative tool for evaluation. During evalua-tion, the paper measured the levels of prices and the factors of influence in 18 public hospitals listed in the Sichuan Province. The results showed that the effect of regulating the levels of prices was reasonable and effective, but was sig-nificantly affected by the internal and external factors. The internal factors have been found to be the medical and clini-cal technologies, and the grade and scale acted as external ones. This paper suggested that the price department should pay more attention on the levels of prices, and hence made a reasonable reform project for the prices by taking the scale of adjustment of prices into account.

Paeoniflorin is the main active ingredient of Chinese herbaceous peony. This study is to investigate the protective effect of paeoniflorin (Pae) on acute brain damage induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice. The mice were randomly assigned to the normal control, model control (LPS), as well as groups of paeoniflorin and lipopolysaccharide (Pae + LPS). Then the mice were administered intraperitioneally with normal saline or Pae (10, 30 mg · kg(-1)) once daily for 6 d. One hour after intrapertioneally treatment on the seventh day, each group were injected LPS (5 mg · kg(-1)) to establish the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide inflammation model except the normal group. The mice were sacrificed after 6 h and the brain homogenates were prepared and measured. The malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), succinatedehydrogenase (SDH), Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase and Ca(2+)-Mg(2+)-ATPase were dectected by the colorimetric method. The levels of HO-1 and Nrf2 protein in subcellular fractions of brain tissue were detected by Western blot. The results demonstrated that the administration with paeoniflorin reduced the levels of the MDA production; significantly increase the activities of antioxidant enzyme (SOD and GSH-PX). In addition, paeoniflorin could enhance the total antioxidant capacity, decrease the level of H2O2, and increase the activities of SDH, Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase and Ca(2+)-Mg(2+)-ATPase. Furthermore, paeoniflorin can increase the expression of HO-1 and activate the nuclear transfer of Nrf2. Taking together, these findings suggest that paeoniflorin alleviate the acute inflammation in mice brain damage induced by LPS, which is related with its antioxidant effect and improvement of energy metabolism.
Animals ; Energy Metabolism ; drug effects ; Glucosides ; pharmacology ; Heme Oxygenase-1 ; genetics ; Lipopolysaccharides ; pharmacology ; Male ; Membrane Proteins ; genetics ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Monoterpenes ; pharmacology ; Oxidative Stress ; drug effects ; Sodium-Potassium-Exchanging ATPase ; metabolism

Abstract: Objective　To understand the distribution and drug resistance of common pathogens of fungal bloodstream infection in Sichuan, and to provide reference for clinicians to empirically treat fungal bloodstream infection. Methods　From November 1, 2019 to December 31, 2020, fungal strains isolated from blood culture of patients diagnosed with bloodstream infection in 19 tertiary first-class general hospitals in Sichuan Province were collected for mass spectrometry identification and drug susceptibility, and the results were statistically analyzed, along with a retrospective analysis of clinical data. Results　A total of 255 fungal strains were received and identified by mass spectrometry, 215 strains of Candida spp (84.3%), 28 strains of Cryptococcus neoformans (11.0%), 4 strains of Talaromyces marneffei (1.6%) and 8 strains of others (3.1%). Among the Candida spp 90 strains of Candida albicans, 39 strains of Candida parapsilosis complex, 36 strains of Candida glabrata, 33 strains of Candida tropicalis, 8 strains of Candida guilliermondii, and 9 strains of other Candida. In the department, the ICU was predominant, accounting for 35.7%. The top four Candida (Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis complex, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis) were analyzed for drug sensitivity, Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis complex group were more sensitive to antifungal drugs, the sensitivity rates of Candida albicans to fluconazole, voriconazole, anidulafungin, caspofungin, micarafungin were 89.2%, 92.8%, 97.6%, 97.6%, 96.4%, respectively. The sensitivity rates of Candida parapsilosis to fluconazole and voriconazole were 89.7% and 94.9%, and to anidulafungin, caspofungin and micafungin were all 100%. Echinocandins had stronger antibacterial activity against Candida spp., Candida parapsilosis complex and Candida tropicalis had 100% sensitivity to echinocandins, Candida albicans had more than 95% sensitivity to echinocandins, and Candida glabrata had about 90% sensitivity to echinocandins. Candida tropicalis was less sensitive to fluconazole and voriconazole with 66.7% and 54.5%, and the sensitivity of Candida glabrata to fluconazole was mainly concentrated in susceptible dose dependent (SDD), accounting for 91.4%. The four Candida species did not show resistance to amphotericin B, all of them showed wild-type strains, Candida tropicalis showed the highest non-wild-type rate to posaconazole and itraconazole with 21.2% and 36.4%, and the drug sensitivity results of Cryptococcus neoformans showed that 4 out of 23 strains showed resistance to amphotericin B (non-wild-type) and 3 strains showed resistance to fluconazole (non-wild-type). Conclusions　The fungus of bloodstream infection is mainly Candida spp.. Among of them, Candida albicans accounts for the highest percentage, echinocandins have good antibacterial effect on Candida, Candida is sensitive to amphotericin B as wild type, but Candida tropicalis has slightly higher resistance rate to fluconazole and voriconazole, and the non-wild type rate of Cryptococcus neoformans to amphotericin B is increasing, and clinicians should pay high attention to the rational use of antifungal drugs.

AIMTo develop a near-infrared diffuse reflectance analysis (NIRDRA) method for rapid noninvasive quantitative determination of ambroxol hydrochloride in half-finished product particles and non-blister-packed, blistered tablets.

METHODSAll spectra were measured with a Fourier transform spectrometer equipped with a PbS and a InGaAs detector, an external integrating sphere, a rotating sample cup, and a fibre-optic probe for reflectance measurements. All samples were scanned from 12,000 cm-1 to 4,000 cm-1, and each sample spectrum was obtained as an automatic mean of 64 scans. No spectrum pre-processing method was used, and spectral regions, 4,602-4,247, 12,000-7,498 and 6,102-5,446, 12,000-5,446 cm-1 were selected to develope mathematical models by partial least square method for half-finished product particles and non-blister-packed, blistered tablets samples, respectively.

RESULTSThe optimal rank and mean square error determined for half-finished product particles and non-blister-packed, blistered tablets samples by cross validation method all was 6 and 0.306, 0.972 and 1.492, respectively, the average recovery was 100%, 100% and 102% respectively; and the RSD was 1.17%, 1.70% and 1.78% respectively.

CONCLUSIONResults showed that the NIRDRA method was rapid, simple, noninvasive and sensitive, and it can be applied to assay the content of ambroxol hydrochloride in half-finished product particles non-blister-packed and blistered tablets.

Ambroxol ; administration & dosage ; analysis ; Expectorants ; administration & dosage ; analysis ; Quality Control ; Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared ; methods ; Tablets

In this study, we investigated the pharmacokinetics parameters of SPIO-shRNA dual functional molecular probe and observed the main organ distribution by MRI in vivo. Eighteen New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into three groups and injected intravenously with different doses of SPIO-shRNA molecular probe, respectively. The blood samples were collected to analyze the pharmacokinetic parameters by measuring the iron content at 30 minutes before and after the injection. Twenty-four Kun Ming (KM) mice were randomly divided into 4 groups: the control group was injected intravenously with physiological saline 200 µL per mouse via the tail vein, the other 3 groups were injected intravenously with different doses of SPIO-shRNA molecular probe. MRI observation was performed in 24 hours, and the liver, spleen, kidney, brain and muscle were collected for iron quantification with Prussian blue staining to determine distribution of the SPIO-shRNA molecular probe in the main organ in vivo. Our results suggest that the molecular probe blood half-life is more than 3 hours. The data of MRI suggest the probe was distributed in liver and spleen, and the MRI signal was reduced with the increase in probe's doses (P < 0.05). The results of Prussian blue staining confirmed the results of MRI. Most of the probe could escape the phagocytosis of mononuclear phagocyte system. Our data provide the pharmacokinetic and distribution of SPIO-shRNA molecular probe in organs. Meanwhile, it suggests the choice of the time and dose of probe for MR imaging of tumor in vivo.
Animals ; Half-Life ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Magnetite Nanoparticles ; Mice ; Molecular Probes ; pharmacokinetics ; RNA, Small Interfering ; chemistry ; Rabbits

Undifferentiated and differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with 100 ng/ml tumor necrosis factor-?(TNF-?),and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-?2 (PPAR-?2) mRNA expression and adiponectin secretion in cultured cells were measured.The results showed that TNF-?suppressed PPAR-?2 mRNA expression and adiponeetin secretion in 3T3-L1 adipocytes (P

Objective To develop a teaching and examination system based on Delphi for the obstetric nurse. Methods The teaching materials were collected for the obstetric nurse, the teaching and examination mode was analyzed, and Delphi was used for programming and MySQL database was applied to teaching and examination data. Results The system had easy operation, high stability and rapid response to the database, and could meet the requirements for the teaching and examination of the trainee nurse. Conclusion The system realizes informatization and high expansibility of obstetric teaching and examination, and thus is worthy promoting practically.

OBJECTIVETo investigate the changes of NF-kappa B binding activity, the expression of PPARr and their correlation in the liver of rats with fatty liver disease (FLD) induced by different pathogenic factors and to investigate the molecular mechanism of the inflammation in FLD.

METHODS40 Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups of ten each: normal group, alcohol group, fat-rich diet group, alcohol adding fat-rich diet group. The rats were sacrificed at the end of the 16th week from the starting day of the experiment. Serum and liver specimens were collected. Histological specimens were stained with HE, SudanIV, and Masson and then studied microscopically. The ultrastructural changes were also checked under an electron microscope. NF-kappa B binding activity and the expression of PPARr mRNA were determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and RT-PCR respectively. The correlations between NF-kappa B binding activity and the expression of PPARr and the biochemical indexes were analyzed.

RESULTSSteatosis, inflammation, necrosis and fibrosis were present in livers of the rats of all the experimental groups, and were most severe in the alcohol adding fat-rich diet group. NF-kappa B binding activity was markedly increased in the livers of the alcohol group (142+/-16.32) and of the alcohol adding fat-rich diet group (238+/-19.14) in comparison to the livers of the normal (73+/-9.24, F = 6.36, 17.93) and those of the fat-rich diet group (84+/-10.38, F = 5.96, 16.20). Binding activity was higher in the alcohol adding fat-rich diet group than that in the simple alcohol group, but there was no difference between those of the fat-rich diet and normal groups. The level of PPARr mRNA was lower in the livers of the alcohol, fat-rich diet, alcohol adding fat-rich diet groups (0.2530+/-0.069, 0.3647+/-0.082, 0.1226+/-0.054) than that of the controls (0.8097+/-0.094) (F = 15.43, 7.24, 21.45). NF-kappa B binding activity was correlated positively with the level of serum TNF alpha (r = 0.527, 0.639) and the content of MDA in the liver homogenates (r = 0.723, 0.537), but negatively with the expression of PPARr in the livers of the alcohol and the alcohol adding fat-rich diet groups (r = -0.568, -0.891).

CONCLUSIONThe enhanced nuclear factors NF-kappa B binding activity and decreased expression of PPARr play a pivotal role in the inflammatory response of FLD induced by alcohol and fat-rich diet. It may provide a new idea for treating FLD effectively.

Animals ; Fatty Liver ; metabolism ; Liver ; metabolism ; Male ; NF-kappa B ; metabolism ; PPAR gamma ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; RNA, Messenger ; biosynthesis ; genetics ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar

Objective To understand the infection of Salmonella (S.) in patients with diarrhea and outbreaks caused by Salmonella to identify the serotypes, resistance to antibiotics and PFGE types of the strains from the surveillance program in Guangdong province. Methods S. strains from patients with diarrhea were detected, and all the positive strains collected in routine and outbreak surveillance programs, were tested by serum agglutination, antibiotic susceptibility and PFGE.Results 71 S. strains were isolated from 1922 stool samples in 2008, with positive rate as 3.7%.85 S. strains were isolated from 2110 stool samples in 2009, with positive rate as 4.0%. All the 156 strains were divided into 37 serotypes, with S. serotype typhimurium and enteritidis as the most common serotypes. 10 incidents of food poisoning were detected, of which 4 were caused by enteritidis and 3 by typhimurium. A suspected outbreak by enteritidis was discovered and under epidemiological investigation. The findings indicated that 2 of the 4 patients from this outbreak were infected with identical enteritidis isolates. 80% of the 229 isolates were found susceptible to cephalosporins and quinoione and 59.3% of them were muitiresistant to the antibiotics. Conclusion S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium were the most common serotypes that caused infectious diarrhoea and food poisoning in Guangdong province.

Objective To understand the distribution,molecular characteristics and virulence genes of the O1 and O139 Vibrio cholerae isolates from the Pearl River Estuary water.Methods Vibrio cholerae isolates collected from the Pearl River estuary waters from January 2009 to December 2010,were tested by PCR for eight virulence-related genes,including cholera toxin(ctxA),zonula occludens toxin(zot),accessory cholera enterotoxin(ace),hemolysin(hlyA),toxin-coregulated pilus (tcpA),outer membrane protein(ompU),and the regulatory protein genes(tcpⅠ,toxR).Genetic relation was assessed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis(PFGE)and the patterns were clustered by BioNumerics.Results From 1152 aquatic samples,69 isolates were identified,including 41 Inaba,18 Ogawa and 10 O139.All the isolates showed ctxA negative,while the hlyA and toxR genes were positive in all the isolates.34.15％(14/41)of the Inaba strains were hlyA + toxR + ompU + ace + zot + tcpI+,while 66.67％(12/18)belonged to Ogawa strains and 70％(7/10)of the O139 strains were hlyA + toxR+.Through PFGE analysis,the O1 isolates formed three clusters in this study.The patterns of O1 isolates differed widely,with the similarity as 72.8％-100.0％,while the patterns of O139 isolates having the similarity of 69.9％-95.5％.Conclusion The non-toxigenic O1 and O139 V.cholerae had a wide distribution in the environment of Pearl River estuary water during the nonepidemic period of cholera.All the aquatic isolates presented diversities on the related virulent genes.