Objective To investigate the effect and mechanism of phosphorylated protein kinase R-like ER kinase(p-PERK) and C/EBP homologous protein(CHOP) after hypoxic-ischemic brain damage ( HIBD) . Methods Neonatal 7-day-old Sprague Dawley rats were divided into sham-operation control group and HIBD group( n=30 per group) . Each group was divided into 0 h,6 h and 24 h subgroup after operation ( n=10 per group) . The ratio of apoptosis of brain cell was measured by flow cytometer and the expression of p-PERK and CHOP were detected by Western blot. Results (1)Apoptosis cell appeared at 6 h in HIBD group,the ratio of cell apoptosis was(2. 17 ± 0. 19)%. The apoptosis cell obvious increased at 24 h,the ratio of cell apoptosis was(13. 42 ± 0. 83)%. There was a significant increase in the ratio of apoptosis after HIBD 6 h and 24 h, as compared with sham-operation control group [ ( 0. 57 ± 0. 06 )%( P <0. 01 ) ] . ( 2 ) The expression of both p-PERK and CHOP was very low in sham-operation control group. In the HIBD group,the expression of both p-PERK and CHOP began to increase at 6 h and increased furthermore at HIBD 24 h. The differences in the expression levels of p-PERK and CHOP in HIBD group among different time points were significant( P<0. 01 ) . ( 3 ) The expression of p-PERK positively correlated with the expression of CHOP (r=0. 997,P< 0. 05). Conclusion With the emerging of apoptosis after HIBD,the expression of both p-PERK and CHOP increases. The imbalance in the expression of PERK induces the apoptosis of brain cells in the HIBD of neonatal rats by regulation of CHOP expression.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human herpesvirus associated with important human diseases, including infectious mononucleosis syndrome, malignant lymphoma, and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The mechanism of EBV entry into host cells remains a subject of intensive research. After decades of study, researchers have identified several key proteins and different patterns of EBV intrusion into host cells. The viral surface glycoproteins, gp350/220, gp42, gB, gH, and gL, are involved in interactions with the CR2 receptor on the surface of B lymphocytes during viral entry. However, the majority of epithelial cells lack CR2 receptor expression, which makes viral invasion much more complex than in B lymphocytes. Three different models have been proposed to explain how EBV enters epithelial cells: (1) "transfer of infection", mediated by B lymphocytes or Langerhans cells; (2) EBV utilizes its own proteins during the process of fusion with the cell membrane; and (3) progeny virions arising from EBV-infected epithelial cells cross lateral membranes into adjacent epithelial cells. This review will discuss the relevant mechanism of viral entry into B lymphocytes and epithelial cells during EBV infection.
Animals ; B-Lymphocytes ; virology ; Epithelial Cells ; virology ; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections ; virology ; Herpesvirus 4, Human ; genetics ; physiology ; Humans ; Viral Proteins ; genetics ; metabolism ; Virus Internalization

AIM:To evaluate the effect of curcumin on impaired learning-memory ability and the expression of high mobility group box protein 1 ( HMGB1 ) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase ( JNK ) in a rat model of Alzheimer disease (AD).METHODS:Male Sprague-Dawley rats, weighing 250~270 g, were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=9):blank control group (group A), model group (group B), curcumin treatment group (group C, curcumin injected intraper-itoneally at 100 mg· kg-1· d-1 for 6 consecutive days) and solvent control group (group D).The rats of AD model were induced by injection of ibotenic acid into the nucleus basalis of Meynert ( NBM) bilaterally.All rats were trained in Morris maze to assess the ability of learning and memory .The expression of HMGB1 and JNK in the hippocampus was detected by the methods of immunohistochemistry and Western blotting .RESULTS:Compared with group A , the average escape laten-cy (AEL) in groups B and D were obviously longer (P<0.05), while AEL in group C in the 5th and 6th days were signif-icantly shorter (P<0.05).The releases of HMGB1 in the CA1 and CA3 areas in groups B and D from the nucleus were a-bundant.Compared with groups B and D , HMGB1 in hippocampal CA1 and CA3 areas in group C secreted out of the nu-cleus decreased obviously (P<0.05).No significant difference of the release of HMGB1 between group A and group C was observed (P>0.05).No significant difference in the expression of HMGB1 in the hippocampus among the 4 groups was found (P>0.05).However, compared with groups B and D , the expression of JNK in group C was decreased obvi-ously (P<0.05).CONCLUSION: Curcumin significantly improves the learning and memory ability of AD rats .The probable mechanisms may be related to inhibiting the release of HMGB 1 from the nucleus of hippocampal neurons and de-creasing the expression of JNK in the hippocampus .

Objective To learn social support status of first degree relatives of traumatic craniocerebral injury patients, and to provide reference for effective social recourse. Methods Social support status of first degree relatives of 300 traumatic craniocerebral injury patienets were investigated with Social Support Scale. Results The total score of social support of first degree relatives in this study was higher than the norm (P<0. 01). The factors influcing their social support includs acquiring information, dwelling place, psychosis factors, medical cost, occupation, hospital days of patients, self-comfort demand, support demand and the age of first degree relatives. Conclusions The total level of social support of first degree relatives of traumatic craniocerebral injury patienets is high, medical staff should guide them to make the best use of social resource to improve coping capacity of traumatic events.

Objective To construct eukaryotic expression vector of wild type E 4F1 and the mutant deleting amino acid region 32-81, and to detect the interaction between wild type or mutant E 4F1 and p53 and to study the effect of E4F1 on the expression level of p21.Methods Wild type and mutant sequences of E 4F1 were amplified from the mammary library using standard PCR and recombinant PCR .The sequences were cloned into pXJ 40-MYC vector to generate the MYC-E4F1 and MYC-E4F1(Δ32-81) recombinant plasmids that were transfected into 293T cells and identified by Western blotting . FLAG-p53 and MYC-E4F1 or MYC-E4F1(Δ32-81) were co-transfected into 293T cells and immunoprecipitation assay was performed to detect the interaction of wild type or mutant E 4F1 with p53.Wild type and mutant E4F1 expressing vec-tors were co-transfected into osteosarcoma U2OS cells and the expression of p21was detected.Results Recombinant plas-mids of MYC-E4F1 and MYC-E4F1(Δ32-81) were successfully constructed.Both wild type and mutant E4F1 interacted with p53.Deletion of amino acid region 32-81 of E4F1 increased the interaction .The expression level of p21 was in-creased by wild-type E4F1, but not by mutant E4F1.Conclusion The eukaryotic expression vector of wild type E4F1 and its deletion mutant is successfully constructed .Both of them interact with p53.Deletion of amino acid region 32-81 of E4F1 increases the interaction .This study contributes to further studies on the regulation and mechanism of E 4F1 on p53.

Objective To investigate the mental status of relatives of patients with traumatic brain injury, to carry out rotional intervention might benefit the recovery of patients. Methods 300 relatives of patients with traumatic brain injury sampled from 12 hospitals were surveyed. Results The general level of mental health of the objects was low. The influencing factors of mental health were the severity of injury, age of the patients,needs of insurance, proximity and support, availability of social supports. Conclusions Properly assessing the mental status of patients' relatives and carrying out rational intervention might benefit the recovery of patients.

OBJECTIVETo study the combined effect of gestational age and birth weight on metabolites related to inherited metabolic diseases (IMD).

METHODSA total of 3 381 samples ruled out of IMD by follow-up were randomly selected from 38 931 newborns who participated in the neonatal IMD screening during 2014-2016. The 3 381 neonates were categorized into seven groups according to their gestational age and birth weight: extremely preterm appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA) group (n=12), preterm small-for-gestational age (SGA) group (n=18), preterm AGA group (n=219), preterm large-for-gestational age (LGA) group (n=18), full-term SGA group (n=206), full-term AGA group (n=2 677), and full-term LGA group (n=231). Heel blood samples were collected from each group on postnatal days 3-7 after adequate breastfeeding. Levels of 17 key IMD-related metabolic indices in dried blood spots were measured using tandem mass spectrometry. Spearman′s correlation analysis was used to investigate the relationships between 17 IMD-related metabolic indices and their influencing factors, while covariance analysis was used to compare the metabolic indices between these groups.

RESULTSAfter adjusting the influencing factors such as physiological and pathological status, compared with the full-term AGA group, the extremely preterm AGA, preterm SGA, and preterm AGA groups had significantly reduced levels of leucine\isoleucine\hydroxyproline and valine (P<0.05); the preterm AGA group had a significantly decreased ornithine level (P<0.05); the extremely preterm AGA and preterm AGA groups had a significantly reduced proline level (P<0.05). Besides, the phenylalanine level in the extremely preterm AGA and preterm AGA groups, the methionine level in the preterm SGA group, and the tyrosine level in the preterm AGA group all significantly increased (P<0.05). The increased levels of free carnitine, acetylcarnitine, and propionylcarnitine were found in the preterm SGA and preterm AGA groups. The oleylcarnitine level also significantly increased in the preterm SGA group (P<0.05). Most carnitine indices showed significant differences between the SGA group and the AGA/LGA group in both preterm and full-term infants (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONSLow gestational age and low birth weight may result in abnormal results in IMD screening. Therefore, gestational age and birth weight should be considered to comprehensively judge the abnormal results in IMD screening.

Birth Weight ; Female ; Gestational Age ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Small for Gestational Age ; Male ; Metabolic Diseases ; metabolism

OBJECTIVETo observe metabolomic changes in urine of chronic superficial gastritis (CSG) patients with Pi-qi deficiency syndrome (PQDS) or Pi-Wei dampness-heat syndrome (PWDHS), thereby providing scientific evidence for syndrome typing of them.

METHODSUrine samples were collected from CSG patients with PQDS/PWDHS and healthy volunteers, 10 in each group. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR) based metabonomic analysis was performed on urine samples. Contents of related biomarkers were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA), partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and urivariate statistical analysis.

RESULTSPLS-DA analysis showed that metabolites among CSG patients with PQDS/PWDHS and healthy volunteers could be mutually distinguished. Seven differentially identified metabolites were screened from urines of CSG patients with PQDS and healthy volunteers included glutamate, methionine, α-oxoglutarate, dimethylglycine, creatinine, taurine, and glucose. Four differentially identified metabolites were screened from urines of CSG patients with PWDHS and healthy volunteers included 2-hydroxybutyric acid, trimethylamine oxide, taurine, and hippuric acid. Eleven differentially identified metabolites were screened from urines of CSG patients with PQDS and PWDHS included fucose, β-hydroxybutyric acid, alanine, glutamate, methionine, succinic acid, citric acid, creatinine, glucose, hippuric acid, and lactic acid.

CONCLUSIONThe metabolic differences of CSG patients PQDS and PWDHS mainly manifested in glycometabolism, lipid metabolism, and amino acids catabolism, and 1H-NMR based metabonomics may be used in classified study of Chinese medical syndrome typing.

Biomarkers ; urine ; Discriminant Analysis ; Gastritis ; urine ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Hydroxybutyrates ; Ketoglutaric Acids ; Least-Squares Analysis ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Metabolome ; physiology ; Metabolomics ; Principal Component Analysis ; Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy ; Qi ; Syndrome

OBJECTIVE:To establish the method for the identification of impurities in succinylcholine chloride raw material. METHODS:Two-dimensional UPLC-QTOF-MS was adopted. One dimension chromatographic condition was Hypersil GOLD C18 column using buffer solution(22 mmol/L sodium pentanesulfonate+50 mmol/L sodium chloride+5 mmol/L sulphuric acid)as mobile phase A and acetonitrile as mobile phase B,volume ratio of mobile phase A to mobile phase B 95:5,column temperature of 40 ℃,flow rate of 1.0 mL/min,detection wavelength of 214 nm. Two-dimension chromatographic condition was ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18column using 0.1% ammonia as mobile phase A and acetonitrile as mobile phase B(gradient elution)with column temperature of 30 ℃ at flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. Ionization mode was ESI+ with capillary voltage of 2.5 kV,source temperature of 120 ℃,temperature of atomizing gas at 450 ℃,flow rate of atomizing gas at 900 L/h,acquisition mode of MSE. RESULTS:The succinic acid,succinyl chloride(intermediate),pyridine(reagent)and other impurities were detected in succinylcholine chloride by one dimensional method of HPLC. Other 4 obvious unknown impurities were named impurity 1,impurity 2,impurity 3 and impurity 4,among which the apparent content of impurity 2 was the highest. Two-dimensional method of HPLC-QTOF-MS deduced that the impurity 2 was dehydrogenate succinylcholine chloride and impurity 4 was succinylcholine chloride. The impurity 1 and impurity 3 were not detected in mass spectrum. CONCLUSIONS:Establish method for the identification of impurity in succinylcholine chloride raw material,and the results of research are used for the evaluation of the quality of the succinylcholine chloride raw material.

Objective To evaluate the clinical significance of bone scintigraphy in the preoperative diagnosis of sacral tumor. Methods Preoperative 99Tcm-methylene diphosphonate (MDP) whole body bone scintigraphy was performed in total of 103 patients with sacral tumor for whole body survey and radionuclide uptake in the sacral tumor. Of these 103 patients,39 had SPECT. According to the osteoblastic reaction in bone SPECT studies,patterns of tumor with a "hot" lesion was defined as type Ⅰ,a "cold" lesion accompanied with partial uptake was defined as type Ⅱ,a purely "cold" lesion was defined as type Ⅲ,and a "cold" lesion with marginal uptake which produced "doughnut sign" was defined as type Ⅳ. Imaging interpretation was correlated with the final pathologic diagnosis. Results Of the 103 patients,18 ( 17.5% ) had polyostotic involvement. About 46.6% (48/103 ) in planar and 84.6% ( 33/39 ) in SPECT showed decreased uptake at sacrum. Of the bone metastatic patients (n =21 ) ,12 (51.7%) had sole metastasis to sacrum. Tumor with type Ⅰ (6/6) or type Ⅱ (16/19) uptake was likely to be a malignancy,whereas type Ⅲ uptake tended to occur in the benign disease in those patients without polyostotic involvement( 5/7 ),and type Ⅳ was all appeared in giant cell tumors( n = 5 ). Conclusions Preoperative bone scintigraphy is useful in examination of polyostotic involvement for the patients with sacral tumor,but it is limited for diagnosing isolated sacral metastatic disease. Tumor uptake on bone scintigraphy can be helpful in differential diagnosis of sacral tumor.