Objective To optimizing preparate for target microbubbles of tumor lymphangiogenesis which load anti-VEGFR-3 and anti-Podoplanin and to evaluate the imaging of this microbubbles Methods The biotinylated anti-VEGFR-3 and anti-Podoplanin were conjugated to biotinylated microbubbles through biotin-avidin its technology of preparation and progress were optimized The proportion of reagents were adjusted The targeted microbubbles were evaluated by immunofluorescence method and its effect was tested in vivo Results High adhesion rate target microbubbles were successfully achieved which average particle size was 0 99 μm and the average antibody combined rate was 81 3% Confirmed by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscope it can clearly show the lymphangiogenesis and the metastasis of lymph nodes in vivo Time-intensity curve showed more microbubbles more intensity more stay and better image Conclusions These target microbubbles have a small particle size and high adhesion rate and a better contrast imaging It is a more value ultrasound target contrast agents of lymph vessel with tumor and sentinel node.

The present study was aimed to investigate whether calreticulin (CRT) was involved in the protective effect of hypoxic preconditioning (HPC) against oxidative stress injury in rat cardiomyocytes. Neonatal cardiomyocytes were prepared from Sprague-Dawley rats aged 24 h, and cultured in DMEM medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum. The cultured cardiomyocytes were randomly divided into 8 groups as follows: (1) hydrogen peroxide stress (H(2)O(2) group); (2) brief hypoxic exposure for 20 min to simulate HPC (HPC group); (3) hypoxic exposure for 20 min followed by normoxic reoxygenation for 24 h before hydrogen peroxide stress (HPC + H(2)O(2) group); (4) SB203580 (a specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK) + HPC + H(2)O(2) group; (5) CRT antisense oligonucleotide transfection (AS group); (6) AS + H(2)O(2) group; (7) AS + HPC + H(2)O(2) group; (8) control group. Morphological observation, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and flow cytometry were employed to assess cell apoptosis and necrosis. RT-PCR and Western blot were used to detect CRT expression and activity of p38 MAPK. All experiments were repeated at least four separate times. The results obtained were as follows: (1) HPC relieved cell injury caused by H(2)O(2). Compared with that in H(2)O(2) group, the cell survival rate increased by 18.0% (P<0.05), apoptotic rate and LDH leakage in culture medium decreased by 19.4% and 53.0%, respectively (P<0.05) in HPC + H(2)O(2) group. (2) H(2)O(2) induced CRT over-expression (7.1-fold increase compared with control, P<0.05), while HPC resulted in mild CRT up-regulation (2.4-fold increase compared with control, P<0.05), suggesting that HPC can relieve the over-expression of CRT induced by H(2)O(2). (3) CRT AS transfection weakened the protection of HPC. Compared with that in HPC + H(2)O(2) group, the cell survival rate decreased by 4% (P<0.05), and apoptotic rate and LDH leakage in culture medium increased by 2.6% and 39.0%, respectively (P< 0.05) in AS + HPC + H(2)O(2) group. (4) The protection of HPC and HPC-induced upregulation of CRT were almost eliminated when SB203580 was administered before HPC. These results suggest that HPC up-regulates CRT expression through the p38 MAPK signaling pathway and protects cardiomyocytes from oxidative stress injury.
Animals ; Apoptosis ; Calreticulin ; metabolism ; Cell Hypoxia ; Cell Survival ; Cells, Cultured ; Hydrogen Peroxide ; Imidazoles ; pharmacology ; Ischemic Preconditioning, Myocardial ; L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ; metabolism ; Myocytes, Cardiac ; pathology ; Oxidative Stress ; Pyridines ; pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Signal Transduction ; Up-Regulation ; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases ; antagonists & inhibitors

Adolescent ; Altitude ; Ghrelin ; blood ; Humans ; Overweight ; blood ; Sleep

Relatively uniform-sized nanoparticles made of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) were prepared by premix membrane emulsification method. After the drug loading property was completed, the dynamic tissue distribution of nanoparticles was recorded. With the average particle size and span as indexes, membrane pore size, number of passing membrane times, membrane pressure, volume ratio of oil-water phase and the concentration of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) in external water phase were investigated by single factor test, the optimum preparation technology of blank PLGA nanlparticles was as following: pore size of SPG membrane was 1 μm, membrane pressure was 1. 15 MPa, the number of passing membrane time was 3, the mass fraction of PVA of 2%, volume ratio of oil-water phase of 1 : 5. Prepared nanoparticles were round with smooth surface, the mean diameter was 332.6 nm, span was 0.010, the confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) concluded that fluorescent substance is uniform composizion in PLGA nanoparticle, and the in vivo imaging technology in mice include that the nanoparticles show good liver and spleen targeting property.
Animals ; Drug Carriers ; chemistry ; Drug Delivery Systems ; instrumentation ; Emulsions ; chemistry ; Fluorescent Dyes ; chemistry ; Lactic Acid ; chemistry ; Mice ; Mice, Nude ; Nanoparticles ; chemistry ; Particle Size ; Polyglycolic Acid ; chemistry

OBJECTIVETo explore the expression of Ghrelin and high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) in the serum and the intestinal tissue of sepsis model rats, and to evaluate the effect of electro-acupuncture (EA) at Zusanli (ST36) on the expression of HMGB1 and Ghrelin.

METHODSForty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups, i.e., the sham-operation (sham), the cecal ligation and puncture group (CLP), the CLP + EA at Zusanli (ST36) group (EA), and the CLP + Ghrelin receptor blocking agent + EA group (GHSRA), 12 in each group. A sepsis rat model was prepared by CLP. The incision of the abdominal wall was immediately sutured along the ventral midline for rats in the Sham group. In the EA group EA at Zusanli (ST36) was performed 20 min after CLP surgery with the constant voltage (2 - 100 Hz, 2 mA) for 30 min. In the GHSRA group, Ghrelin receptor blocking agent, [D-Arg1, D-Phe5, D-Trp79, Leu11]-substance P (700 nmol/kg), was administered through intravenous injection immediately after CLP, and 20 min later, EA at Zusanli (ST36) was performed in the same way as for rats in the EA group. Blood samples were withdrawn 12 h after CLP. The serum levels of Ghrelin and HMGB1 were detected using ELISA. Ghrelin expressions and the number of Ghrelin immunopositive cell in the jejunum were determined by immunohistochemistry. HMGB1 contents of the jejunum tissue were detected by Western blotting.

RESULTSCompared with the Sham group, the number of serum immunopositive cells and the expression of HMGB1 in the jejunum tissue significantly increased and levels of Ghrelin and the expression rate of immunopositive cells significantly decreased in the CLP group (P < 0.05). Compared with the CLP group, the number of serum immunopositive cells and the expression of HMGB1 in the jejunum tissue significantly decreased, but levels of Ghrelin and the expression rate of immunopositive cells significantly increased in the EA group (P < 0.05). Compared with the EA group, the number of serum immunopositive cells and the expression of HMGB1 in the jejunum tissue significantly increased in the GHSRA group (P < 0.05), but there was no statistical difference in levels of Ghrelin between the two groups (P > 0.05). The serum level of HMGB1 was negatively correlated with Ghrelin in the Sham group, the CLP group, and the EA group (r = -0. 528, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONSEA at Zusanli (ST36) could inhibit the expression of HMGB1 in the jejunum of septic rats, and promote the expression of Ghrelin. The expression of HMGB1 was inhibited by Ghrelin receptor blocking agent, which suggested that the anti-inflammation of EA at Zusanli (ST36) might be associated with Ghrelin.

Animals ; Disease Models, Animal ; Electroacupuncture ; Ghrelin ; metabolism ; HMGB1 Protein ; metabolism ; Jejunum ; metabolism ; Male ; Rats ; Rats, Wistar ; Sepsis ; metabolism

Objective To prepare targeted microbubbles which load anti-VEGFR-3 and observe the targeting effect in vitro.Methods Targeted microbubbles loaded VEGFR-3 antibody were prepared and the targeting effect in vitro were tested by direct and indirect methods.Direct method took off-line analysis by image analysis software IPP and statistical analysed with SPSS software package.Indirect method took direct observation the target binding effect after incubation and centrifugal sedimentation.Results Image software IPP results showed that the quantity of microbubbles in targeted-group was obviously more than ordinary group.The average microbubbles per field in targeted-group was (151 ±20).The average microbubbles per field in ordinary group was ( 12 ±4 ) microbubbles, the numbers of combined microbubbles between targeted-group and ordinary-group had significant differences ( t=19.19,P<0.01).The indirect method results showed that, compared with ordinary group, the microbubbles in targeted-group could combined with cell gradually.Conclusion Targeted microbubbles load anti-VEGFR-3 have a better contrast effect than common microbubbles.

Objective To clarify the protective effect of nrsodeoxycholic acid ( UDCA ) on endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis in pancreatic β-cell of streptozotocin ( STZ )-induced diabetic rats.Methods Rats( n =40) received a single injection STZ( 50 mg/kg) intra-peritoneally and formed a β-cell injury model.Weight-matched normal rats( the control group,n =10 ) were injected with the buffer alone.STZ-treated rats with persistent random blood glucose higher than 16.7 mmol/L for 1 week were considered as diabetic status( n=14 ),then divided randomly into STZ-induced diabetes mellitus ( DM ) group ( n =7 ) and UDCA-treated DM group ( n =7 ).UDCA (40 mg· kg- 1,d-1 ) was administered daily by intragastric intubations throughout the experimental period (30 d).During the entire experiment,blood glucose in all rats was assessed.By the end of the experiment,all rats were sacrificed with the pancreas removed and the blood sample collected immediately.Fasting insulin levels were assayed by radioimmunoassay.The morphological changes of pancreatic β-cells apoptosis were determined by TUNEL assay.RNA in pancreas was abstracted and microarray containing 89 pieces of apoptosis related genes was applied.The related gene expressions were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot.Results The concentration of blood glucose in diabetic rats was gradually decreased after UDCA treatment,but at the end of the experiment it was still higher than that in the normal control group.The treatment with UDCA raised the fasting insulin level in diabetic rats,but this concentration was significantly lower as compared to the control group.Based on TUNEL stained tissue sections,the percentage of β-cell apoptosis of UDCA-treated DM group was significantly lower than that of STZ-induced diabetic group(P＜0.05 ).Among 89 genes,42 genes up-regulated and 46 genes down-regulated in diabetic rats,some of which were ameliorated by UDCA treatment.The expressions of Caspase-3,Bax,Bip,and CHOP mRNA in pancreas of DM group were significantly up-regulated as compared with those in the control group ( P ＜ 0.05 ) ; while the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA was markedly down-regulated (P＜0.05 ).However,these parameters in the U DCA-treated animals showed a marked improvement.Conclusion Ursodeoxycholic acid seems to protect pancreatic β-cell from apoptosis in STZ-induced diabetes by attenuating the severity of endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Objective To study the influence of electro-acupuncture(EA)at Zusanli points(足三里穴) on the apoptosis of thymocytes in rats with abdominal infection and its mechanism.Methods A total of 40 Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were randomly divided into four groups,including normal control group,model group,non-acupoint group and Zusanli group.The abdominal infection model of rat was made by cecal ligation and puncture(CLP).After abdominal cavity infection for 36 hours,the apoptosis of thymocytes was observed under electron microscope and light microscope,and the apoptosis ratio of thymocytes was determined by Annexin V-PI method with flow cytometry technique.The content of Bcl-2 protein of thymocytes and concentration of corticosterone in plasma were determined.Results Abdominal infection resulted from CLP could significantly increase the apoptosis of thymocytes and lead to the typical histopathological changes of apoptosis of thymocytes under electron microscope and light microscope.Apoptosis ratios of thyrnocytes in model group[(44.7?3.3)%],non-acupoint group[(42.7?3.0)%]and Zusanli group[(32.6?3.3)%] were significantly higher than the ratio in the control group[(21.2?2.3)%,all P0.05).Abdominal infection resulted from CLP also could reduce the content of Bcl-2 protein of thymocytes.The content of Bcl-2 protein of thymocytes in model group(71.2?5.6),non-acupoint group(73.5?5.9)and Zusanli group(82.4?6.8) were significantly lower than normal control group(95.3?6.3,all P

12E7 Antigen ; Antigens, CD ; metabolism ; Bone Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Cell Adhesion Molecules ; metabolism ; Chondrosarcoma, Mesenchymal ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Diagnosis, Differential ; Hemangiopericytoma ; pathology ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms ; metabolism ; pathology ; surgery ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pneumonectomy ; methods

For effective inhalable dry-powder drug delivery, tetrandrine-PLGA (polylactic-co-glycolic acid) nanocomposite particles have been developed to overcome the disadvantages of nanoparticles and microparticles. The primary nanoparticles were prepared by using premix membrane emulsification method. To prepare second particles, they were spray dried. The final particles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dry laser particle size analysis, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared analysis (IR) and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). The average size of the primary particles was (337.5 ± 6.2) nm, while that second particles was (3.675 ± 0.16) μm which can be decomposed into primary nanoparticles in water. And the second particles were solid sphere-like with the drug dispersed as armorphous form in them. It is a reference for components delivery to lung in a new form.
Administration, Inhalation ; Benzylisoquinolines ; chemistry ; Calorimetry, Differential Scanning ; Drug Delivery Systems ; Dry Powder Inhalers ; Lactic Acid ; chemistry ; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning ; Nanocomposites ; chemistry ; Nanoparticles ; chemistry ; Particle Size ; Pharmaceutical Preparations ; Polyglycolic Acid ; chemistry ; X-Ray Diffraction