OBJECTIVE:To provide reference for definition and research & development of new drugs in China.METHODS:The history of the definition for new drugs was reviewed,and the effects of the definition of new drugs on the research and development of drugs were discussed by using the game theory "Tragedy of the Commons" and "Anti-Tragedy of the Commons".RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:The definition of new drugs should be more and more scientific and reasonable and in line with the aim of building new creative country,meanwhile,efforts should be paid to avoid the above mentioned two kinds of tragedies.

Cohesion is a degree that reflects the mutual attractions among the members in a group and pays attention to the status of members.It is association and distillation of all members'will and behavior extension in a group.The intensity of the group cohesion is the important symbol whether a group is competitive or not,and it plays an important role in the survival and the development of a group.This paper starts with the group cohesions of teachers in higher institutions and analyses the factors that affect the group cohesion in higher institution,On this basis,the paper puts forward the tactics in improving the group cohesion of higher institution.

Objective:To improve the safety,rationality and efficacy of medication for ovarian cancer patients complicated with cirrhosis by the participation of clinical pharmacists in the therapy. Methods:Clinical pharmacists participated in the therapy for an ovarian cancer patient with cirrhosis,and provided a rational and individualized therapeutic regimen through the drug experience of clinical pharmacists as well as the relevant medical guides and literatures. Results:The therapeutic efficacy was increased by the participation of clinical pharmacists in the therapy,the potential risk of the chemotherapy was avoided and the security of medication was assured. Conclusion:The participation of clinical pharmacists in therapeutic practice can improve the normalization of pharmacotherapy for ovarian cancer patients with cirrhosis,which also can provide ideas and methods for treating the similar patients.

Based on the understanding of the present situations of bilingual teaching in clinical medical courses together with the analysis of the students' characteristics,the different methods in improving bilingual teaching were explored and the experience was discussed.The problems encountered in bilingual teaching were also discussed.

20 children aged 3 years ±3 months with dental caries were randomly divided into 2 groups(n =1 0).The caries tissue was re-moved by conventional bur and Er:YAG laser respectively without the use of mouth speculum,mouth gag and binding belts.In laser group the success rate of treatment at first visit and return visit was higher(P <0.05)and children's dental anxiety grad was lower(P <0.05).The Er:YAG laser is more effective in easing children's dental anxiety and in the dental treatment.

Objective To observe the inhibitory effect of IL-4 on the IL-1?-induced rat mesangial cell proliferation, the release of PGE 2, and on the COX-2 mRNA and protein expression, so as to explore the related mechanism of anti-glomerulosclerosis. Methods Rat mesangial cell (MC) was cultured in vitro and the IL-1? -induced proliferation of MC was detected by MTT method. ELISA method was employed to measure the contents of PGE 2 in blank control group, IL-1? group, IL-4+IL-1? group, NS-398 group, NS-398+IL-1? group, indomethacin group, indomethacin+IL-1? group. The expression of mRNA and protein of COX-1 and COX-2 gene were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Results IL-1? could induce the proliferation of MC when the concentration was 0.1-100ng/ml in 12h, 24h and 48h. When its concentration was 2ng/ml, it had the strongest effect in 24h. All the IL-4, NS-398, indomethacin could inhibit IL-1? to induce MC producing PGE 2. The inhibitory rates are in proper order as: IL-4 (84.9%), NS-398(56.5%), and indomethacin(41.2%). Both IL-4 and NS-398 could obviously inhibit the expression of COX-2 mRNA and protein proved by RT-PCR and Western blot. Indomethacin could strongly inhibit the expression of COX-1 mRNA and protein, while only shew a weak inhibition on the expression of COX-2 mRNA and protein. Conclusion IL-4 could markedly inhibit the IL-1? -induced MC proliferation, down-regulate COX-2 gene, decrease the production of PGE 2, and thus take effect on anti-glomerulosclerosis.

Objective Peripheral arterial diseases(PAD)are most common conditions in patients with end stage renal disease(ESRD). However, PAD hasn′t been extensively studied like other cardiovascular or cerebrovascular diseases such as coronary heart disease and cerebral infarction among ESRD patients. The present study aims to investigate the ultrasonic characteristics of PAD and risk factors related to peripheral arterial intima thickening and plaques formation. Methods Seventy-three ESRD patients and 21 healthy individuals (as control) were involved in the investigation, and their carotid and lower-extremity arteries including tunica intima, lumen diameter, plaques and Doppler spectrums were examined with color Doppler ultrasonic technique. Then, the risk factors related to intima thickening and plaques formation among ESRD patients were studied combining with their clinical data and biochemical makers. Results The lesions of varying degrees in peripheral arteries occured in 52.1%(38/73) ESRD patients, including intima thickening, coarse and chaotic tunica intima, strong echo masses or atheromatous plaques with different shapes and sizes, widened and deformed Doppler spectrums, accelerated peak systolic velocity and lowered or disappeared diastolic reverse peak at narrow sites, low resistant blood flow at apo-stenosis sites (prolonged systolic accelerative time and decreased acceleration). The incidence of PAD was significantly higher in ESRD patients than that in control group (14.3%, P

Objective: To study the application of glucose infusion test (GIT) in assaying the vascular access recirculation rate in hemodialysis patients. Methods: Access recirculation was assayed by both urea test (UT) and GIT in 82 hemodialysis patients, and 17 patients were also examined by Doppler ultrosonics method. The results of the Doppler ultrosonics were compared with those of UT and GIT. Results: Thirty-seven (45.12%) patients showed positive results with GIT and 29 patients (35.36%) with UT.All 17 patients had recirculation confirmed by Doppler ultrosonics and all had positive results by GIT (100%), but only 9 (52.94%) of the 17 patients had positive results by UT. Conclusion: Comapared with UT, GIT is more sensitive, more ecnomical,and simpler in determining vascular access recirculation, and can be used as a new method for screening vascular access recirculation.

Objective To study the quantitative method of determination of Fas ligand (FasL) and T-cell intracellular antigen-1 (TIA-1) in renal allografts and to evaluate its clinical significance. Methods The magnitude of intragraft FasL and TIA-1 mRNA was quantified by competitive PCR in 42 samples obtained to diagnose the etiology of graft dysfunction, and the results were expressed as the ratio of picograms of target gene to picograms of ?-actin, and were compared with the histopathogical diagnosis based on Banff criteria. Results Of all 42 samples, the transcripts were detectable in 11 for FasL and 27 for TIA-1. Intragraft expression of FasL and TIA-1 was significantly up-regulated in acute rejection group compared with chronic rejection group (P

Objective To explore the DSA mainfestations of MoyaMoya disease.Methods 19 patients, underwent CT before DSA, showed intracranial hemorrhage. All patients were then examined by angiography via femoral artery approach. Results All cases were diagnosed as MoyaMoya disease through DSA. The findings of DSA showed characteristic manifestations as the following: 1. Stenosis or occlusion of the invoved arteries. 2. Smoke like capillary vascular network spreading from supraseller cistern to cerebral base. 3. Development of collateral circulation. Conclusions DSA is the main method for the diagnosis of MoyaMoya disease, CT can only localize the site of cerebral hemorrhage.