Based on the philosophical thinking of entropy and dissipative structures theory,it is of an important significance to solve the problems existing in medical education by combining it with humanistic education.In present paper,the comparison of Chinese-American medical humanity education and the influence of medicine development by those differences are shown according to the analysis of entropy and dissipative structures theory.Furthermore,the deficiencies of Chinese medical humanity education are demonstrated,and some primary methods solving these problems are put forward as well.

Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics and risk factors for healthcare-associated infection(HAI)in a newly built rehabilitation hospital.Methods A prospective survey was adopted to monitor HAI among all patients admitted to a newly built rehabilitation hospital between January 2011 and December 2014, related data were collected and analyzed statistically.Results A total of 22 126 patients (male,n=12 023;female, n=10 103)were monitored,age were 4 months-100 years old.HAI rate was 3.25%(n=720),HAI case rate was 3.34% (n=738).Patients in department of spinal rehabilitation had the highest HAI rate (9.76%);the main HAI site was lower respiratory tract (n = 388,52.57%);a total of 186 pathogenic isolates were detected,154 (82.80%)were gram-negative bacteria,25 (13.44%)were gram-positive bacteria,and 7 (3.76%)were fungi. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that paralysis (OR,1 .77 [95% CI ,1 .24 - 2.53 ]),length of hospital stay ≥60 days(OR,4.62 [95% CI ,3.28 -5.10]),age ≤ 10 years old (OR,1 .55 [95% CI ,1 .33 -2.93]),age ≥60 years old (OR,4.59 [95% CI ,1 .02-20.59]),chronic underlying diseases(OR,1 .56 [95% CI , 1 .37-11 .34]),invasive procedure (OR,3.33 [95% CI ,1 .21 -6.86]),and coma(OR,6.77 [95% CI ,5.41 -7.05])were major risk factors for HAI in patients in the rehabilitation hospital.Conclusion Investigation on newly built rehabilitation hospital is helpful for realizing the occurrence status of HAI,health care workers can carry out the corresponding prevention and control measures.

AIM: To compare the efficacy of different locations scleral tunnel incision in phacoemulsification cataract on preoperative corneal astigmatism.
METHODS:Totally 90 patients (94 eyes) in our hospital who had undergone the phaco-surgery from March 2013 to October 2014 were divided into two groups. The group A was those with 3. 2mm scleral tunnel incision at the direction of 10:00 ~11:00 points. The group B was those with 3.2mm scleral tunnel incision at the steepest corneal meridian. Incision was not sutured. Corneal astigmatism status of preoperative and postoperative at different times were detected by corneal refractive. The impact of different surgical incision on postoperative corneal astigmatism was compared. In the two groups, patients with preoperative corneal astigmatism<1. 00D, 1. 00 ~2.00D and > 2. 00D were compared respectively. The changes of the uncorrected visual acuity and corneal astigmatism at postoperative 1wk, 1 and 3mo were observed.
RESULTS:The uncorrected visual acuity of the patients who were in the group B preoperative corneal astigmatism <1. 00D and 1. 00 ~ 2. 00D was better than that in the group A. The postoperative corneal astigmatism of the patients who were in the group B preoperative corneal astigmatism <1. 00D was lower than that in the group A.
CONCLUSION: On the basis of preoperative corneal astigmatism, 3. 2mm scleral tunnel incision at the steepest corneal meridian to some extent can correct preoperative corneal astigmatism < 1. 00D, and accordingly improve the uncorrected visual acuity.

Objective To investigate the regularity of changes an d the base line of physiological deficiency of ventricular diastolic function in normal individuals. Methods Non-invasive echocardiography was employed for monitoring hemodynamics of the ventricular diastolic function in n ormal individuals. 240 volunteers were divided into four groups by age, i.e. juv enile, youth, middle-aged and elderly groups. Items of examination included the diameter of cardiac chambers by two-dimensional (2D) echogram, velocity of dia stole of ventricular wall by M mode, velocity and ratio of blood flow at left an d right atrio-ventricular valves and pulmonary vein by spectral Doppler, fillin g phase and duration of filling of ventricles in diastolic phase by color Dopple r. Results Of mitral valve, tricuspid valve and pulmonary vein, a series of dynamic parameters of blood flow were correlated closely with the a ge. The ventricular diastolic function of normal person deteriorated physiologic ally with the passage of years, characterized by a normal stage in juvenile and young ages, compliant decreased stage in middle-age, and declined functional st age in aged. The declination course started in the left ventricle prior to the r ightventaide. Conclusion The results of the present study may b e helpful for further clinical researches on the mechanisms of changes in human ventricular diastolic function.

Objective To survey and analyze characteristics of brucellosis epidemic in Dalian City for the purpose of setting up prevention and control measures for the disease. Methods In 2007, the basic situation of people of 7-60 years old and in close contact with livestock was surveyed in Dalian according to the "Surveillance standard for brucellosis"(GB 16885-1997). Blood was collected in brucellosis suspicious or high-risk groups for the laboratory examination, using rose bengal test for qualitative detection and test-tube agglutination test(SAT) method for quantitative detection of serum antibodies; At the same time, brucellosis cases found in the routine monitoring and confirmed in and this survey in the department of endemic disease prevention in the center for disease control and prevention of Dalian City underwent questionnaire surveys. Results All 1563 people were epidemiologically surveyed of brucellosis, 1310 were male, 253 female,livestock care givers accounted for 56.05% (876/1563). 240 blood samples were serologically surveyed, the detection rate was 3.75%(9/240). This survey confirmed 2 cases of brucellosis patients, 3 cases confirmed in routine monitoring. 3 cases were infected via contacting infected brucellosis cows, and the 2 cases were imported. Conclusions To strengthen the quarantine of livestock and timely treat the infected livestock should be the key of control of brucellosis. At the same time, professionals of livestock should be educated to protect themselves.

Objective To determine the optimum dose of pentazocine when combined with propofol for gastroscopy in elderly patients.Methods One hundred and forty ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients,aged 6575 yr,scheduled for elective gastroscopy under general anesthesia,were randomly assigned into Ⅰ-Ⅳ groups (n =35 each) using a random number table.Before insertion of the gastroscope,pentazocine 0.2,0.4 and 0.8 mg/kg were injected intravenously in Ⅱ-Ⅳ groups,respectively,while the equal volume of normal saline was given in Ⅰ group.Propofol was then administered by target-controlled infusion (TCI).The half-effective concentration (EC50 of propofol was determined by up-and-down sequential trial.The target plasma concentration (Cp) was set at 3.5 μg/ml in the first patient.Gastroscopy was performed at 5 min after the target effect-site and plasma concentrations were balanced.The response to gastroscopy was defined as positive when body movement and/or bucking occurred during gastroscopy.Each time the Cp increased/decreased by 0.3 μg/ml in the next patient depending on whether or not the response to gastroscopy was positive.EC50 and 95 ％ confidence interval of propofol TCI inhibiting the response to gastroscopy were calculated using Probit analysis.The development of respiratory depression and hypotension was observed.Results EC50 (95 ％ confidence interval) of propofol TCI inhibiting the response to gastroscopy was 2.82 (2.63-3.02) μg/ml,2.78 (2.58-2.97) μg/ml,2.16 (2.00-2.32) μg/ml and 2.03 (1.88-2.19) μg/ml in Ⅰ-Ⅳ groups,respectively.Compared with group Ⅰ,EC50 was significantly decreased in Ⅲ and Ⅳ groups,and the incidence of respiratory depression was increased in Ⅳ group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion The optimum dose of pentazocine when combined with propofol is 0.4 mg/kg for gastroscopy in elderly patients.

Objective To study the expression and its clinical significance of Oct4 in prostate cancer.Methods The Oct4 mRNA expression levels in 2 normal prostate (NP) samples and 8 prostate cancer (Pca) samples were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis.The Oct4 protein expression levels in 10 NP samples,10 benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) samples and 45 Pca samples were detected by immunohisochemical analysis.Results The relative expression levels of Oct4 mRNA were 0.91,0.76,0.66,0.63,0.55,0.50,0.48,0.42 in 8 Pca samples and 0 in 2 NP samples,respectively.The positive rates of Oct4 protein expression was higher in Pca tissues than in NP and BPH tissues (91.1％ vs.0.0％,91.1％ vs.0.0％,both P＜0.05).The level of Oct4 protein was increased with higher hostologic grade and clinical stage of prostate cancer.The strong positive rates of Oct4 expression were 72.7％ and 30.0％ in Pca tissues with and without lymph node metastasis respectively,and there was a significant difference in the strong positive rate between them (P＜0.05).Conclusions The Oct4 expression is closely related to the differentiation and invasion of tumor.Oct4 might be an important index for the prognosis of prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: Umbilical cord blood-mesenchymal stem cells (UCB-MSCs) following differentiation into cardiomyocytes were transplanted into ischemic myocardium. The transplanted cells can build connection with host cells and repair the infarct myocardium. OBJECTIVE: To detect the cell-cell junction after transplantation of the cardiac-like cell derived from the canine umbilical cord blood stem cells. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING: A randomized controlled animal study was performed from July 2006 to October 2007 at the Animal Experimental Center of Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. MATERIALS: A total of 2 full-term pregnant canines were used for isolation of UCB-MSCs. A total of 36 adult mongrel canines were divided into cell transplantation group and model control group (n=18) according to the rule of random digits table. METHODS: The MSCs at passage 4 were transfected by Laz-Z. After 3-day culture, MSCs were induced by 10 μmol/L 5-azacytidine (5-aza). The canine models of myocardium infarction were established following 3 weeks of culture. 2 mL (1 ×107)MSCs were transplanted into dogs with acute myocardium infarction by coronary artery infusion and local injection in cell transplantation group. An equal volume of saline was used in the model control group. The specimens were harvested and detected at 2, 4 and 8 weeks, respectively. Cell junction was determined using immunohistochemistry. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The following parameters were measured: gene trensfection, myogenic induction and differentiation results of UCB-MSCs; junction of transplanted cells and host cardiomyocytes. RESULTS: Following 72 hours of transfaction, mass of cells expressed LacZ gene, synthetized galactosidase, and stained blue using X-gal staining. Following 3 weeks of 5-aza induction, the antigen a-Actin, Desmin and Connexin43 were all been positively expressed, but before induction they were all negative. From the myocardial section of 8 weeks after transplantation, the junction was formed between the transplanted cells and the host myocardium as formed between the transplanted cells. In the junction, green-fluorescence positive expression of cadherin and connexin43 could be seen. However, in the model control group, only cadherin and connexin43 expressed positively, but the transplanted UCB-MSCs with red fluorescence could not been observed. CONCLUSION: The UCB-MSCs is able to differentiate into cardiac-like cell in vitro and form cell-cell junction in vivo to communicate with surrounding cells.

Objective To study the influence of anticipatory and post-event information processing on the memories and perception of the symptom in patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD). Methods A group of 32 SAD patients and a control group of 35 healthy indivisuals were included. Instruments including Self-Rating Depression Scale, Subjective Units Discomfort Scale( SUDS ), Rumination Questionnaire ,Open-ended Recall and Body Sensations Questionnaire were adopted in both groups. Results In the group SAD, no significant difference was identified between the experimental group( (49.68 ± 17.68), ( 19.00 ± 1.25), (0. 54 ±0. 17) ) and the experimental control group( ( 50.43 ± 20.72 ), ( 18.68 ± 1.25 ), ( 0.52 ± 0.17 ) ) when the ratings the memories of body sensations, rumination, and negative self-information score were compared (P＞ 0.05 ). There was a significant positive correlation between the level of rumination ,SUDS, the memories of negative self-information and the body sensations scores( r= 0.72; r= 0.94; r= 0.70, P＜ 0.01 ). The scores of rumination explained 64% of the variation in SUDS scores(β=0.82, P＜0. 01 ). Conclusion This study suggest that social anxiety is affected directly by rumination which can result in more memories of negative self-information and the body sensation. Symptoms are maintained by post-event information processing.

liver cells. The thermosensitivity of the normal rabbit hepatocyte was higher than that of biliary epithelial cells to radiofrequency ablation. Apoptosis was correlated to the thermal effect induced by RFA.