Human gut microbial community is playing a critical role in human health and associated with different human disease. In parallel, probiotics, antibiotics, and antipyretic analgesics (AAs) were developed to improve human health or cure human diseases. We therefore examined how probiotics, antibiotics, and AAs influence to the gut microbiota. Three independent case/control studies were designed from the cross-sectional cohort data of 1,463 healthy Koreans. The composition of the gut microbiota in each case and control group was determined via 16S ribosomal RNA Illumina next-generation sequencing. The correlation between microbial taxa and the consumption of each drug was tested using zero-inflated Gaussian mixture models, with covariate adjustment of age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). Probiotics, antibiotics, and AAs consumption yielded the significant differences in the gut microbiota, represented the lower abundance of Megasphaera in probiotics, the higher abundance of Fusobacteria in antibiotics, and the higher abundance of Butyrivibrio and Verrucomicrobia in AAs, compared to each control group. The reduction of Erysipelotrichaceae family was common in three drugs consumption.
Analgesics* ; Anti-Bacterial Agents* ; Body Mass Index ; Butyrivibrio ; Cohort Studies ; Fusobacteria ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome* ; Humans ; Megasphaera ; Probiotics* ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Verrucomicrobia

Recent evidence has indicated that bacteria-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important for host–microbe communication. The aims of the present study were to evaluate whether bacteria-derived EVs are excreted via the urinary tract and to compare the composition of bacteria-derived EVs in the urine of pregnant and non-pregnant women. Seventy-three non-pregnant and seventy-four pregnant women were enrolled from Dankook University and Ewha Womans University hospitals. DNA was extracted from urine EVs after EV isolation using the differential centrifugation method. 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene sequencing was performed using high-throughput 454 pyrosequencing after amplification of the V1–V3 region of the 16S rDNA. The composition of 13 taxa differed significantly between the pregnant and non-pregnant women. At the genus level, Bacillus spp. EVs were more significantly enriched in the urine of the pregnant women than in that of the non-pregnant women (45.61% vs 0.12%, respectively). However, Pseudomonas spp. EVs were more dominant in non-pregnant women than in pregnant women (13.2% vs 4.09%, respectively). Regarding the compositional difference between pregnant women with normal and preterm delivery, EVs derived from Ureaplasma spp. and the family Veillonellaceae (including Megasphaera spp.) were more abundant in the urine of preterm-delivered women than in that of women with normal deliveries. Taken together, these data showed that Bacillus spp. EVs predominate in the urine of pregnant women, whereas Pseudomonas spp. EVs predominate in the urine of non-pregnant women; this suggests that Bacillus spp. EVs might have an important role in the maintenance of pregnancy.
Bacillus ; Centrifugation ; DNA ; DNA, Ribosomal ; Extracellular Vesicles* ; Female ; Hospitals, University ; Humans ; Megasphaera ; Metagenomics* ; Methods ; Pregnancy ; Pregnant Women ; Pseudomonas ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Ureaplasma ; Urinary Tract ; Veillonellaceae

OBJECTIVETo study the bacterial community structure of the microbiota in the vaginal fluid from patients with bacterial vaginosis.

METHODSThe composition of bacteria in the samples of vaginal fluid from 3 patients with bacterial vaginosis and 1 normal premenopausal control was investigated by amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis(ARDRA).

RESULTSLactobacillus species were the predominant bacteria in the woman without bacterial vaginosis. Bacterial vaginosis was associated with higher concentrations of a variety of bacterial groups. Women with bacterial vaginosis had greater bacterial diversity, with 31 to 37 OTUs operational taxonomic units detected per sample. The species associated with bacterial vaginosis were Leptotrichia, Prevotella sp. and Megasphaera including several species with no close cultivated relatives.

CONCLUSIONSWomen with bacterial vaginosis have complex vaginal infections with many newly recognized species. ARDRA allows rapid analysis of the diversity of microorganisms in the vagina, and is capable of identifying potentially pathogenic bacteria that can not be identified by general culture.

Adult ; Bacteria ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Bacterial Typing Techniques ; methods ; DNA, Ribosomal ; analysis ; genetics ; Female ; Humans ; Leptotrichia ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Megasphaera ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques ; methods ; Phylogeny ; Prevotella ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Restriction Mapping ; Vaginosis, Bacterial ; microbiology