This study was performed to assess the effect of one year's of meal service for home-staying urban elderly with low incole on their nutritional status. One hundred and eighty three subjects, who had already completed the first nutritional survey, were assigned to two group : meal served(served) and non-meal served(non-served). A meal containing approximately on half of the RDA for energy, protein, calcium and iron was served as lunch everyday to served group. After on year of meal service, follow-up-nutritional survey was done and changes of parameters were analyzed with paired t-test. Served female showed signficantly increased intake of riboflavin and calcium, while non-served female showed significantly decreased intake of calcium. Serum total protein, serum albumin and serum cholesterol were significantly increased in female regardless of meal service. Served remale was observed with significantly elevated LDL-cholesterol, whereas non-served female showed singnificantly lowered HDL-cholesterol. Significantly decreased serum iron, serum transferrin saturaion and significantly increased TIBC were observed for female regardless of meal service. But the proportion of anemic elderly according to Hb or serum iron was decreased more in served group. Female showed significantly increased serum zinc and copper regardless of meal service, whereas only served male showed significantly increased serum copper.
Aged* ; Calcium ; Cholesterol ; Copper ; Female ; Humans ; Iron ; Lunch ; Male ; Meals* ; Nutrition Surveys ; Nutritional Status ; Riboflavin ; Serum Albumin ; Transferrin ; Zinc

No abstract available.
Dandy-Walker Syndrome* ; Prenatal Diagnosis* ; Trisomy*

No abstract available.
Hyperprolactinemia*

PURPOSE: The study purposes were to describe the process of developing the Korean versions of the Six Dimension Scale of Nursing Performance (Six-D) and Student Nurse Stress Index (SNSI) and psychometric evaluation of the two measurements. METHODS: This was a methodology study using a descriptive cross-sectional design with 51 nursing students in 4th year of university. Internal consistency reliability was assessed using Cronbach alphas. Construct validity was determined by exploring correlations among Six-D, SNSI, objective structured clinical examination (OSCE), self-efficacy and grade point average (GPA). RESULTS: Internal consistency reliability of Six-D and SNSI was acceptable with Cronbach's alpha of .95 and .82. Correlation analysis to determine construct validity revealed that Six-D presented positive correlations with OSCE (r=.109~.272) and self-efficacy (r=.005~.161) and negative correlation with GPA (r=-.246~-.394), although all were not statistically significant. SNSI presented all negative correlations with OSCE (r= -.007~-.238), self-efficacy (r=-.246~-.394), and GPA (r=-.092~-.426) and were mostly statistically significant except OSCE. CONCLUSION: Six-D needs more evidence to confirm validity to predict observed clinical competency and theoretical relationships with self-efficacy and GPA. However, SNSI presented trends of expected relationships with relevant variables. Therefore, further research is recommended in testing validity of Six-D with other student populations.
Asthma ; Humans ; Psychometrics ; Students, Nursing

A review of the literature on cancer pain revealed that many persons with cancer receive inadequate analgesia for pain control, due in part to a lack of knowledge of the control of cancer pain by both physicians and nurses. This study is composed of two parts : one is to train nurses to change their knowledge of and attitude toward the pain management of patients having cancer and to evaluate the effectiveness of this training in comparison with other non-trained group ; the other is to test the applicability of the pain management method knowledge and attitude in the levels of pain of oncology patients. General characteristics of nurses such as age, education, educational experiences of cancer pain management were not different in both groups except the clinical experience. General characteristics of cancer patients and pain-related variables such as pain, sleep, daily activities, treatment modalities, causes of pain were not different in both groups except the educational levels of patients. After an eight-hour educational program given to the experimental nurse group, the knowledge and attitude about assessment of cancer pain, pain medication, and pharmacological knowledge were significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group, while knowledge about classification of analgesics was not significantly different. The amount of analgesics, measured by the morphine equivalent doses, used in the experimental group was significantly lower than in the control group in the first and the last days. The experimental group used more systematic ways of drug changes from non-narcotic analgesics to narcotic analgesics than the control group. This indicated that the control group used fentanyl patches more commonly than in the control group. Cancer pain scores of both group of patients were measured on an hourly bases for a week in both groups. The patients' pain scores of the first day of measurement in experimental group were not significantly higher than those of control group of patients, while those of the last day were significantly higher than those of the control group. This study supports the need for educational program for the management of cancer pain to the nurses and the doctors.
Analgesia ; Analgesics ; Analgesics, Non-Narcotic ; Classification ; Education ; Fentanyl ; Humans ; Morphine ; Narcotics ; Pain Management*

PURPOSE: Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) is the most common and benign systemic vasculitis in children. Few reports have focused on worse outcomes of HSP in adults. The age of onset is suggested as a main risk factor. We assessed the characteristics of adolescent-onset HSP. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 205 cases presented from Aug. 1993 to Oct. 2003. Patients were classified as children (< 10 years of age), adolescents (10-20 years of age), and adults (> 20 years of age). RESULTS: The mean age was 5.7+/-1.8 years in 149 children, 13.5+/-2.4 years in 38 adolescents, and 44.9+/-14.5 years in 18 adults. The male to female ratio was 1.2: 1 in children and adolescents, and 2: 1 in adults. Previous upper respiratory infections were found in 53.4 percent of children, 32.4 percent of adolescents, and 33.3 percent of adults. Positivity of stool occult blood was more frequent in adults (50.5 percent) than in children (23.0 percent) (P< 0.05). Renal involvement was found in 46 cases (30.9 percent) of children, 23 cases (60.5 percent) of adolescents, and 15 cases (83.3 percent) of adults. Recurrences occurred in 23 cases (15.4 percent) of children, nine cases (23.7 percent) of adolescents, and three cases (16.7 percent) of adults. Among the cases with renal involvement, 97.8 percent of children and 87.0 percent of adolescents improved to normal or asymptomatic urinary abnormalities. 60.0 percent of adults persisted with severe nephropathy and 13.3 percent progressed to renal insufficiency. CONCLUSION: Although the outcome of adolescent HSP was as good as children, the clinical manifestations were similar to those of adults. Adolescents had the highest rate of recurrences. Thus long term observations may be needed in adolescent onset HSP.
Child ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Male ; Female ; Humans ; Risk Factors

The first edition of ‘A Standardized Pathology Report for Gastric Cancer’ was initiated by the Gastrointestinal Pathology Study Group of the Korean Society of Pathologists and published 17 years ago. Since then, significant advances have been made in the pathologic diagnosis, molecular genetics, and management of gastric cancer (GC). To reflect those changes, a committee for publishing a second edition of the report was formed within the Gastrointestinal Pathology Study Group of the Korean Society of Pathologists. This second edition consists of two parts: standard data elements and conditional data elements. The standard data elements contain the basic pathologic findings and items necessary to predict the prognosis of GC patients, and they are adequate for routine surgical pathology service. Other diagnostic and prognostic factors relevant to adjuvant therapy, including molecular biomarkers, are classified as conditional data elements to allow each pathologist to selectively choose items appropriate to the environment in their institution. We trust that the standardized pathology report will be helpful for GC diagnosis and facilitate large-scale multidisciplinary collaborative studies.

The first edition of ‘A Standardized Pathology Report for Gastric Cancer’ was initiated by the Gastrointestinal Pathology Study Group of the Korean Society of Pathologists and published 17 years ago. Since then, significant advances have been made in the pathologic diagnosis, molecular genetics, and management of gastric cancer (GC). To reflect those changes, a committee for publishing a second edition of the report was formed within the Gastrointestinal Pathology Study Group of the Korean Society of Pathologists. This second edition consists of two parts: standard data elements and conditional data elements.The standard data elements contain the basic pathologic findings and items necessary to predict the prognosis of GC patients, and they are adequate for routine surgical pathology service. Other diagnostic and prognostic factors relevant to adjuvant therapy, including molecular biomarkers, are classified as conditional data elements to allow each pathologist to selectively choose items appropriate to the environment in their institution. We trust that the standardized pathology report will be helpful for GC diagnosis and facilitate large-scale multidisciplinary collaborative studies.

BACKGROUND: Clean intermittent catheterization is one of the management of the neurogenic bladder caused by such disease as spinal injury. The purpose of this study is to assess the amount of time in a microwave oven required to eliminate seven pathogens isolated from urine of the patients, and to evaluate the effect of repeated use of a microwave oven on the patency and pliability of silicon catheter. METHODS: Seven microorganisms isolated from urine of patients were used as inoculating pathogens. These included Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans. The silicon catheter was divided into six pieces (4 cm) and sterilized by ethylene oxide gas, Each piece of catheter was incubated for 60 minutes in a suspension of microorganisms, and placed in a plastic container. The piece was microwaved for 0 (control catheters) to 15 minutes a dose of 1,000 watts. Two methods were used. First method was a water-free method that was microwaved after removing water from the catheter. Second method was a water-added method that was microwaved after adding 5 mL of sterile water around the catheter. Then, that was placed in 15 mL sterile phosphate buffer in a conical tube. The fluid was cultured. Using a new silicon catheter, the microwave procedure was repeated until the catheter was no longer patent or pliable. RESULTS: Using a water-free method, E, coli, C. albicans were eliminated at 5 minutes, P. aeruginosa was at 8 minutes, K. pneumoniae, E. faecalis was at 12 minutes, but S. aureus was remained until 15 minutes, Using a water-added method, all strains were eliminated at 8 minutes. The characteristics of the silicon catheter after repeated procedures were not changed in patency or pliability until 100 times. CONCLUSION: The disinfection of silicon catheters using a microwave oven after adding water around the catheter was able to sterilize the frequent pathogens including C. albicans within 8 minutes. It was clinically useful to sterilize repeatedly the catheter using microwave oven without distorting the characteristics of the silicon catheter.
Candida albicans ; Catheters* ; Disinfection ; Enterococcus faecalis ; Enterococcus faecium ; Escherichia coli ; Ethylene Oxide ; Humans ; Intermittent Urethral Catheterization ; Klebsiella pneumoniae ; Microwaves* ; Plastics ; Pliability ; Pneumonia ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; Silicones ; Spinal Injuries ; Staphylococcus aureus ; Sterilization ; Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic ; Water