Endometriosis in the episiotomy scar following vaginal delivery is one of the very rare condition among the extrapelvic endometriosis. We have experienced two cases of endometriosis in the episiotomy scar following vaginal delivery. We report two cases with a brief review of the concerned literatures.
Cicatrix* ; Endometriosis* ; Episiotomy* ; Female

BACKGROUND: Trisomy 16 in mice is considered to be an animal model for Down's syndrome in human. We studied the morphologic characteristics of the heart and the edema, and their significance to the teratogenesis in this animal model. METHODS: A total of 30 dams were sacrificed to bear 125 (61.9%) normal fetuses 35 (17.3%) abnormal fetuses and 42 (20.8%) resorptions. Cytogenetic study and morphological examination were performed using microdissection agar-mount sectioning histologic examination and scanning electron microscope. RESULTS: The crown-rump length was significantly shorter in abnormal (trisomic fetuses) than the normal (eusomic) fetuses. Trisomic fetuses showed massive edema at the back from the vertex to the lumbar area. Four-chamber view section of the agar-mount and histologic section showed a common atrioventricular valve bridging the left and the right atrioventricular junction. Scanning electron microscopic examination on atrioventricular valves showed three types of atrioventricular valves:five cases with common atrioventricular orifice, three cases with partitioned atrioventricular orifice and two cases with atresia of the right atrioventricular orifice. CONCLUSION: This study confirmed the presence of massive edema and cardiac anomalies in the mouse with trisomy 16. But there was morphologic diversity of cardiac anomaly in this model.
Animals ; Crown-Rump Length ; Cytogenetics ; Down Syndrome ; Edema* ; Endocardial Cushion Defects ; Fetus* ; Heart ; Humans ; Hydrops Fetalis ; Mice ; Microdissection ; Models, Animal ; Pathology* ; Teratogenesis ; Trisomy*

No abstract available.
Masticatory Muscles* ; Trismus*

The significance of cervical erosion with benign cellular change on Papanicolaou smear has not been evaluated. A retrospective review of 430 coloscopically directed punch biopsies performed over 15 months revealed 206 cases who had a benign cellular change on cytologic smear. Of these 206 smears, 48(23%) had clear cervix without erosion, 99(48%) had mild erosion on cervix, 41(20%) had moderate cervical erosion and 18(9%) had severe cervical erosion. The false negative rate that revealed more than mild dysplasia on histologic diagnosis was 2% in patients without cervical erosion, 3% in patients with mild cervical erosion, 5 % in patients with moderate cervical erosion, and 11% in patients with severe cervical er- osion. Koilocytotic change that suggested human papilloma virus infection was 17% in each group regardless cervical erosion. In conclusion, benign cellular change on Pap smears in patients with severe cervical erosion may be associated with significant cervical cancer pathology.
Biopsy ; Cervix Uteri ; Diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Papanicolaou Test* ; Papilloma ; Pathology ; Retrospective Studies ; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms

During childhood, meningioma is an uncommon tumor, and in infants, extracranial meningioma is very rare. We report a case of primary cutaneous menigioma occurring on the scalp of a ten-month-old girl.
Female ; Humans ; Infant* ; Meningioma* ; Scalp*

No abstract available.
Child* ; Humans

Background/Aims: Although metabolic syndrome has been associated with increasing medical costs worldwide, there have been no studies using a nationwide and longitudinal South Korean dataset. We investigated trends in subsidized medical costs among Korean adults with metabolic syndrome. Methods: This study was based on the National Sample Cohort database of South Korea. We used data of national health checkups in 2009 as well as data of subsidized prescription drugs and the Korean Classification of Disease diagnosis codes from claims in 2007 to 2008 to identify underlying diseases. We calculated the direct medical costs, which were subsidized by the Korean National Health Insurance, among 204,768 individuals older than 20 years from 2009 to 2013. Results: The proportion of subjects with metabolic syndrome was 27.2%. Direct medical costs for 5 years differed by a magnitude of 2.16 between subjects with and without metabolic syndrome. The costs increased by approximately 41.8% in the metabolic syndrome group in 5 years. Direct medical costs increased with every additional risk factor, even if a subject had less than three risk factors of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome per se and all of its components, except low serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level, resulted in a significant increase in medical costs. Conclusions The medical costs of subjects with metabolic syndrome were higher than that of those without metabolic syndrome and it increased with the number of risk factors. Further research using cumulative data of more than 10 years, including unsubsidized and indirect costs, is needed in the future.

No abstract available.
Actinobacillus* ; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans* ; Apoptosis* ; Humans ; Jurkat Cells*

Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, a gram-negative, capnophiTic bacterium, is associated with several human diseases including periodontal disease. Products of A. actinomycetemcomitans exert immunomodulatory effects on various lymphoid populations, some of which may be implicated in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. It has been recently suggested that some of periodontopathic bacterial products might possess superantigenic (SAg) activities. In order to examine SAg activity of A. actinomycetemcomitans, we tried to purify immunomodulating factor (IMF) which can induce proliferation of mouse splenocytes and human PBMC. IMF fraction was obtained from the culture supernatant of A. actinomycetemcomitans by alcohol precipitation, ultrafiltration, size exclusion chromatography, and dye ligand affinity chromatography which has been widely used for the puri5cation of known SAgs. SDS-PAGE analysis showed that the factor migrated to a molecular mass of 40 kDa. The concentration of IMF which elicited maximal proliferative response of mouse splenocytes was ranged 1-10 ug/ml of protein on day 3 in culture. Human PBMC gave a similar response profile to IMF, but their maximal response was obtained by lower concentraion of IMF on day 2 in culture. This activity of IMF was heat and proteinase K sensitive and was not blocked by co-incubation with polymyxin B, a ligand for the lipid A region of lipopolysaccharide. T cell-enriched fraction of mouse splenocytes obtained by nylon wool column lost the response to IMF. Even though mitomycin C-treated antigen presenting cells were added to T cell-enriched fraction, the response to IMF was feeble as compared to unfractionated cells. Splenocytes depleted of T cells by anti-Thy 1.2 and complement also did not respond to IMF. These findings demonstrated that T cells are responsible for a minor proportion of the observed proliferation induced by IMF and the help of these cells are essential to the most of the proliferating cells which may be B cells. This observation was confirmed by flow cytometric analysis of responding lymphocyte subpopulations. These results indicate that IMF of A. actinomycetemcomitans does not act in a manner consistent with known SAgs but is more relevant to the explanation of pathologic findings of periodontal lesions.
Actinobacillus* ; Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans* ; Animals ; Antigen-Presenting Cells ; B-Lymphocytes ; Chromatography, Affinity ; Chromatography, Gel ; Complement System Proteins ; Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel ; Endopeptidase K ; Hot Temperature ; Humans ; Interleukin-2* ; Lipid A ; Lymphocyte Subsets ; Lymphocytes* ; Mice ; Mitomycin ; Nylons ; Periodontal Diseases ; Periodontitis ; Polymyxin B ; T-Lymphocytes ; Ultrafiltration ; Wool

OBJECTIVE: To compare the differences of diagnostic rates, of the two widely used test positions, in measuring vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMP) and selecting the most appropriate analytical method for diagnostic criteria for the patients with vertigo. METHODS: Thirty-two patients with vertigo were tested in two comparative testing positions: turning the head to the opposite side of the evaluating side and bowing while in seated position, and bowing while in supine positions. Abnormalities were determined by prolonged latency of p13 or n23, shortening of the interpeak latency, and absence of VEMP formation. RESULTS: Using the three criteria above for determining abnormalities, both the seated and supine positions showed no significant differences in diagnostic rates, however, the concordance correlation of the two positions was low. When using only the prolonged latency of p13 or n23 in the two positions, diagnostic rates were not significantly different and their concordance correlation was high. On the other hand, using only the shortened interpeak latency in both positions showed no significant difference of diagnostic rates, and the degree of agreement between two positions was low. CONCLUSION: Bowing while in seated position with the head turned in the opposite direction to the area being evaluated is found to be the best VEMP test position due to the consistent level of sternocleidomastoid muscle tension and the high level of compliance. Also, among other diagnostic analysis methods, using prolonged latency of p13 or n23 as the criterion is found to be the most appropriate method of analysis for the VEMP test.
Compliance ; Hand ; Head ; Humans ; Muscle Tonus ; Patient Positioning ; Supine Position ; Vertigo ; Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials*