Introduction: The population of Malaysia is ageing rapidly. Due to the relatively greater incidence of noncommunicable diseases among older adults, polypharmacy is highly prevalent in this population. This polypharmacy along with other age-related factors increases the risk of drug-related problems to several folds. Currently, no study in Malaysia or even Asia has determined the type and nature of drug-related problems among non-institutionalised older adults. Therefore, this study aims to highlight common drug-related problems among community-dwelling older persons (≥ 65 years) with polypharmacy. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional exploratory study was carried out where in-depth home medication reviews were carried out by two pharmacists. Participants were recruited from geriatric and fall clinics of the University of Malaya Medical Centre located in the urban area of the Federal Territory of Malaysia. The total numbers of drug-related problems were classified using the Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe (PCNE) classification V9.0. Recommendations and referral letters were provided based on the pharmaceutical care issues identified. Results: Thirty participants were recruited, among whom 178 drug-related problems were identified with a median value of six [range 1-11] drug-related problems per participant. The majority of problems were related to the effectiveness of prescribed treatment (69.1 %), followed by the possibility of adverse effects (28.7 %). Conclusion Home medication review identifies numerous medication-related issues and allows for patient education and detailed counselling in an informal and patient-friendly manner. Future studies to determine the longitudinal effect of home medication review on patient outcome, cost implications, and overall healthcare utilization are now indicated.
Medication Review ; Aged ; Pharmacist

OBJECTIVES: Many medication errors can occur when ordering and dispensing medicine in hospitals. The clinical decision support system (CDSS) is widely used in an effort to reduce medication errors. This study focused on the evaluation of user satisfaction with the CDSS for medication at a university hospital. Specifically, this study aimed to identify the factors influencing user satisfaction and to examine user requirements in order to further improve user satisfaction and drug safety. METHODS: The study was based on survey data from 218 users (103 doctors, 103 nurses, and 15 pharmacists) at a university hospital that uses the CDSS. In order to identify the factors influencing user satisfaction with the CDSS, a multiple linear regression was performed. In order to compare the satisfaction level among the professional groups, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed. RESULTS: The reliability of information, decision supporting capability, and departmental support were significant factors in influencing user satisfaction. In addition, nurses were the most satisfied group, followed by pharmacists and doctors according to the ANOVA. Areas for further improvement in enhancing drug safety were real time information searching and decision supporting capabilities to prevent adverse drug events (ADE) in a timely manner. CONCLUSIONS: We found that the CDSS users were generally satisfied with the system and that it complements the nationwide drug utilization review (DUR) system in reducing ADE. Further CDSS evaluation in other hospitals is needed to improve user satisfaction and drug safety.
Complement System Proteins ; Decision Support Systems, Clinical ; Drug Toxicity ; Drug Utilization Review ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Medication Errors ; Pharmacists

OBJECTIVE: South Korea made a list of potentially inappropriate medications (PIMs) for elderly patients in 2015 and has prompted medical professionals to prescribe proper medication by using the drug utilization review (DUR) system. It has been three years since the system was introduced, but related studies have rarely been conducted. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the DUR system on the prescription of PIMs for elderly patients. METHODS: The data on the prescription of PIMs for elderly patients (≥ 65 years) who received medical treatment between March 1st and May 31st in 2015 (before introduction of the DUR system) and who received medical treatment between March 1st and May 31st in 2018 (after introduction of the DUR system) were retrospectively collected from electronic medical records. RESULTS: The prescriptions of PIMs decreased from 3,716 (7.7%) to 3,857 (6.9%) (p < 0.001). The prescription of escitalopram and paroxetine, among selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, increased significantly, and that of short-acting benzodiazepines also increased significantly from 454 (0.93%) to 624 (1.2%). CONCLUSION: Prescription of PIMs for elderly patients significantly decreased (p < 0.001) after the DUR system was introduced. Further expanded studies of PIMs need to be conducted for the safety of elderly patients.
Aged ; Benzodiazepines ; Citalopram ; Drug Utilization Review ; Drug Utilization ; Electronic Health Records ; Humans ; Korea ; Paroxetine ; Potentially Inappropriate Medication List ; Prescriptions ; Retrospective Studies ; Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors ; Tertiary Care Centers

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between fracture risk and levothyroxine use in elderly women with hypothyroidism, according to previous osteoporosis history. METHODS: We conducted a cohort study from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service claims database from January 2005 to June 2006. The study population comprised women aged > or =65 years who had been diagnosed with hypothyroidism and prescribed levothyroxine monotherapy. We excluded patients who met any of the following criteria: previous fracture history, hyperthyroidism, thyroid cancer, or pituitary disorder; low levothyroxine adherence; or a follow-up period <90 days. We categorized the daily levothyroxine doses into 4 groups: < or =50 microg/d, 51 to 100 microg/d, 101 to 150 microg/d, and >150 microg/d. The hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated with the Cox proportional hazard model, and subgroup analyses were performed according to the osteoporosis history and osteoporosis-specific drug prescription status. RESULTS: Among 11 155 cohort participants, 35.6% had previous histories of osteoporosis. The adjusted HR of fracture for the >150 microg/d group, compared with the 51 to 100 microg/d group, was 1.56 (95% CI, 1.03 to 2.37) in osteoporosis subgroup. In the highly probable osteoporosis subgroup, restricted to patients who were concurrently prescribed osteoporosis-specific drugs, the adjusted HR of fracture for the >150 microg/d group, compared with the 51 to 100 microg/d group, was 1.93 (95% CI, 1.14 to 3.26). CONCLUSIONS: While further studies are needed, physicians should be concerned about potential levothyroxine overtreatment in elderly osteoporosis patients.
Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cohort Studies ; Databases, Factual ; Female ; Fractures, Bone/*prevention & control ; Humans ; Hypothyroidism/diagnosis/drug therapy ; Insurance Claim Review ; Medication Adherence ; Osteoporosis/*pathology ; Proportional Hazards Models ; Risk Assessment ; Thyroxine/*therapeutic use ; Time Factors

We evaluated the differences in utilization patterns including persistence and adherence among medications in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The current study was performed using data from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment claims database from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2013. Our study sample consisted of 10,343 children and adolescents with ADHD who were not given their newly prescribed medication in 360 days before the initial claim in 2010. Data were followed up from the initiation of treatment with ADHD medications in 2010 to December 31, 2013. Discontinuation rates for 4 ADHD medications in our sample ranged from 97.7% for immediate-release methylphenidate to 99.4% for atomoxetine using refill gap more than 30 days and from 56.7% for immediate-release methylphenidate to 62.3% for extended-release methylphenidate using refill gap more than 60 days. In the number of discontinued, we found significant differences among medications using refill gap more than 30 days. Among 4 ADHD medications, extended-release methylphenidate and atomoxetine had more days than immediate-release methylphenidate and osmotic-controlled oral delivery system methylphenidate. In logistic regression analyses, extended-release methylphenidate, osmotic-controlled oral delivery system methylphenidate, and atomoxetine showed less discontinuation compared to immediate-release methylphenidate group when a refill gap more than 30 days was used. In logistic regression analysis of adherence, we could not find any differences among 4 medication types. We suggest that the utilization patterns should be assessed regularly in order to improve future outcomes in children and adolescents with ADHD.
Administration, Oral ; Adolescent ; Atomoxetine Hydrochloride/therapeutic use ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/*drug therapy ; Central Nervous System Stimulants/*therapeutic use ; Child ; Databases, Factual ; Drug Compounding ; Female ; Humans ; Insurance Claim Review ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Medication Adherence/*statistics & numerical data ; Methylphenidate/therapeutic use ; Odds Ratio ; Republic of Korea ; Retrospective Studies

We evaluated the differences in utilization patterns including persistence and adherence among medications in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The current study was performed using data from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment claims database from January 1, 2009 to December 31, 2013. Our study sample consisted of 10,343 children and adolescents with ADHD who were not given their newly prescribed medication in 360 days before the initial claim in 2010. Data were followed up from the initiation of treatment with ADHD medications in 2010 to December 31, 2013. Discontinuation rates for 4 ADHD medications in our sample ranged from 97.7% for immediate-release methylphenidate to 99.4% for atomoxetine using refill gap more than 30 days and from 56.7% for immediate-release methylphenidate to 62.3% for extended-release methylphenidate using refill gap more than 60 days. In the number of discontinued, we found significant differences among medications using refill gap more than 30 days. Among 4 ADHD medications, extended-release methylphenidate and atomoxetine had more days than immediate-release methylphenidate and osmotic-controlled oral delivery system methylphenidate. In logistic regression analyses, extended-release methylphenidate, osmotic-controlled oral delivery system methylphenidate, and atomoxetine showed less discontinuation compared to immediate-release methylphenidate group when a refill gap more than 30 days was used. In logistic regression analysis of adherence, we could not find any differences among 4 medication types. We suggest that the utilization patterns should be assessed regularly in order to improve future outcomes in children and adolescents with ADHD.
Administration, Oral ; Adolescent ; Atomoxetine Hydrochloride/therapeutic use ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/*drug therapy ; Central Nervous System Stimulants/*therapeutic use ; Child ; Databases, Factual ; Drug Compounding ; Female ; Humans ; Insurance Claim Review ; Logistic Models ; Male ; Medication Adherence/*statistics & numerical data ; Methylphenidate/therapeutic use ; Odds Ratio ; Republic of Korea ; Retrospective Studies