Brain Injuries ; Child, Preschool ; Consensus ; Energy Intake ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena

Although there are unified criteria for the clinical diagnosis and grading of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), clinical features and neuropathological patterns vary considerably among the neonates with HIE due to birth asphyxia in the same classification. The patterns and progression of brain injury in HIE, which is closely associated with long-term neurodevelopment outcomes, can be well shown on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), but different sequences may lead to different MRI findings at the same time. It is suggested that diffusion-weighted imaging sequence be selected at 2-4 days after birth, and the conventional MRI sequence at 4-8 days. The major patterns of brain injury in HIE on MRI are as follows: injury of the thalamus and basal ganglia and posterior limbs of the internal capsules; watershed injury involving the cortical and subcortical white matter; focal or multifocal minimal white matter injury; extensive whole brain injury. Severe acute birth asphyxia often leads to deep grey matter injury (thalamus and basal ganglia), and the brain stem may also be involved; the pyramidal tract is the most susceptible white matter fiber tract; repetitive or intermittent hypoxic-ischemic insults, with inflammation or hypoglycemia, usually cause injuries in the watershed area and deep white matter. It is worth noting that sometimes the pattern of brain injury among those described above cannot be determined exactly, but rather a predominant one is identified; not all cases of HIE have characteristic MRI findings.
Brain ; diagnostic imaging ; Brain Injuries ; classification ; diagnostic imaging ; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; methods ; Humans ; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain ; diagnostic imaging ; Infant, Newborn ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; methods

Antineoplastic Agents ; adverse effects ; Consensus ; Gastrointestinal Neoplasms ; drug therapy ; Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors ; drug therapy ; Humans ; Protein Kinase Inhibitors ; adverse effects

Neonates are easily suffering from local or systematic infections due to their vulnerable skin barrier function, which leads to the increasing risk of death. Therefore, it is important to protect neonatal skin integrity and prevent neonatal skin injury in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Based on Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) and current evidence, the guidelines for neonatal skin management in the NICU were developed to provide recommendations on routine skin care and prevention and treatment of iatrogenic skin injury of neonates for health care providers.
Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Intensive Care Units, Neonatal ; Skin

Consensus ; Genetic Diseases, Inborn ; diagnosis ; genetics ; Genome, Human ; genetics ; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing ; Humans ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Whole Genome Sequencing

Radiation proctitis denotes the radiation damage of rectum caused by radiotherapy to pelvic malignancy. The clinical practices of radiation proctitis should be fully considered from diagnosis, treatment and prevention. In order to determine appropriate treatment strategies, the diagnosis of radiation proctitis should be based on clinical symptoms, endoscopic findings, imaging and histopathology to assess severity of symptoms and stage of disease. In terms of treatment decisions, non-surgical interventions are generally applied to relieve major symptoms and avoid serious complications. Diverting colostomy and restorative resection are the main surgical treatments for patients with recurrent symptoms. In terms of prevention, radiation proctitis should be prevented by improvement of radiotherapy technology, physical protection and prophylactic medication. This guide aims to provide guidance for the clinical practices of radiation proctitis in China.
China ; Consensus ; Humans ; Proctitis ; diagnosis ; therapy ; Radiation Injuries ; diagnosis ; prevention & control ; therapy ; Rectum ; pathology ; radiation effects

Anti-angiogenesis-targeted drugs, especially anti-angiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitors (aa-TKIs), are broadly used in the treatment of advanced bone and soft tissue sarcoma. The antitumor effects of Chinese domestically developed aa-TKIs, such as apatinib and anlotinib, were also demonstrated in several single-center or multi-center clinical studies. However, treatment-related adverse events (AEs) have limited the use of aa-TKIs. On Aug 30, 2019, the members of the Chinese Sarcoma Study Group conducted a thorough discussion on this issue and reached a consensus, focusing on the classification and treatment of common AEs that may occur during the use of aa-TKIs. The aim of this article is to improve our understanding and provide AE management guidance for clinicians as well as benefit patients using aa-TKIs.

Pediatric vocal ford paralysis is a vocal cord movement disorder caused by damage to the pediatric laryngeal motor nerves.It is mainly characterized by voice, breathing,and swallowing difficulties,and in severe cases,it can lead to choking in affected children. Currently, the diagnosis and treatment of this condition pose a significant challenge for pediatric otolaryngologists, as the goal is to minimize damage to the vocal folds and laryngeal framework.In order to standardize the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric vocal cord paralysis, the Pediatric Otolaryngology Committee of the Chinese Medical Association,in collaboration with multiple children's medical centers nationwide, have formulated this consensus document.
Humans ; Child ; Vocal Cord Paralysis/therapy* ; Consensus ; Vocal Cords/surgery* ; Larynx ; Voice ; Laryngeal Diseases/complications*