OBJECTIVE: To determine which ultrasonographic measurement can be used as an indicator reflecting the severity of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), by comparing electrodiagnostic results with ultrasonographic measurements in females. Many previous studies have tried to reveal that the ultrasonography (US) can possibility be used for diagnosis and severity of CTS. However, the criteria are different by gender. Thus far, there have been many efforts towards providing patients with a CTS diagnosis and severity prediction using US, but studies' results are still unclear due to lack of data on gender differences. METHODS: We collected data from 54 female patients. We classified the severity of CTS according to electrodiagnostic results. Ultrasonographic measurements included proximal and distal cross-sectional areas of the median nerve and carpal tunnel. RESULTS: The severity by electrodiagnostic results statistically correlated to the proximal cross-sectional area (CSA) of the median nerve and carpal tunnel. However, there was no relationship between the proximal and distal nerve/tunnel indexes and the severity by electrodiagnostic results. CONCLUSION: In female patients with CTS, the proximal CSAs of the median nerve and carpal tunnel increase. They correlate with the severity by electrodiagnostic findings. The CSA of the proximal median nerve could be particularly used as a predictor of the severity of CTS in female patients. However, the nerve/tunnel index is constant, irrespective of the severity of CTS.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome* ; Diagnosis ; Electrodiagnosis ; Female* ; Humans ; Median Nerve ; Ultrasonography

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common entrapment neuropathy caused by compression of the median nerve at the wrist. Although symptoms and signs of CTS are widely known, it is often difficult to make a correct diagnosis. A clinical examination, electrophysiological studies, and ultrasonographic evaluation have similar sensitivities and specificities, and combining them improves diagnostic yield. However, evidence about the optimal treatment has not been well established. We review the clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and treatment options for CTS.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome* ; Diagnosis ; Median Nerve ; Neural Conduction ; Ultrasonography ; Wrist

OBJECTIVE: To determine an ideal stimulation site of the medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve (MACN) using ultrasound measurement and to compare the efficiency of the new stimulation site with the conventional stimulation site on the nerve conduction study. METHODS: Both arms of 15 healthy participants were measured using ultrasound. The MACN was identified in the transverse view at each 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 cm proximal sites from the medial epicondyle, and the distances to the median nerve and to the skin from the MACN were measured. The ideal stimulation site should be located at the level which can give the shortest distance from the skin and the longest distance from the median nerve in terms of volume conduction. To confirm the efficiency of the ideal site, we measured the amplitude of the MACN conduction study at the ideal site against one at the 4 cm proximal to the medial epicondyle (conventional site). RESULTS: The ultrasound showed the ideal stimulation site for the MACN could be the elbow crease line. However, the nerve conduction study revealed that the amplitudes of the MACN were significantly larger at the 4 cm proximal to the medial epicondyle compared with ones at the ideal site. CONCLUSION: The ideal stimulation site based on the ultrasound did not permit better stimulation site for the nerve conduction study of the MACN compared with the conventional site. Careful adjustment of the stimulation site on the basis of this study would contribute to an accurate conduction study of the MACN.
Arm ; Elbow ; Median Nerve ; Neural Conduction ; Skin ; Ultrasonography*

Nerve compression syndromes commonly involve the nerves in the upper extremity. High-resolution ultrasonography (US) can satisfactorily assess these nerves and may detect the morphological changes of the nerves. US can also reveal the causes of nerve compression when structural abnormalities or space-occupying lesions are present. The most common US finding of compression neuropathy is nerve swelling proximal to the compression site. This article reviews the normal anatomic location and US appearances of the median, ulnar, and radial nerves. Common nerve compression syndromes in the upper extremity and their US findings are also reviewed.
Median Nerve ; Nerve Compression Syndromes* ; Radial Nerve ; Ulnar Nerve ; Ultrasonography* ; Upper Extremity*

No abstract available.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome/*ultrasonography ; Electromyography ; Fingers/innervation ; Humans ; Median Nerve/*ultrasonography ; Ultrasonography, Doppler

BACKGROUND: The interscalene brachial plexus block is widely used for pain control and anesthetic purposes during shoulder arthroscopic surgeries and surgeries of the upper extremities. However, it is known that interscalene brachial plexus block is not appropriate for upper limb surgeries because it does not affect the lower trunk (C8-T1, ulnar nerve) of the brachial plexus. METHODS: A low approach, ultrasound-guided interscalene brachial plexus block (LISB) was performed on twenty-eight patients undergoing surgery of the upper extremities. The patients were assessed five minutes and fifteen minutes after the block for the degree of block in each nerve and muscle as well as for any complications. RESULTS: At five minutes and fifteen minutes after the performance of the block, the degree of the block in the ulnar nerve was found to be 2.8 +/- 2.6 and 1.1 +/- 1.8, respectively, based on a ten-point scale. Motor block occurred in the median nerve after fifteen minutes in 26 of the 28 patients (92.8%), and in all of the other three nerves in all 28 patients. None of the patients received additional analgesics, and none experienced complications. CONCLUSIONS: The present study confirmed the achievement of an appropriate sensory and motor block in the upper extremities, including the ulnar nerve, fifteen minutes after LISB, with no complications.
Analgesics ; Arthroscopy ; Brachial Plexus* ; Humans ; Median Nerve ; Shoulder ; Ulnar Nerve ; Ultrasonography* ; Upper Extremity*

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To determine the correlation between the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the median nerve measured at the wrist using three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonography (US) and the electrophysiological severity of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). METHODS: We prospectively examined 102 wrists of 51 patients with clinical CTS, which were classified into 3 groups according to the electrodiagnostic (EDX) findings. Median nerve CSAs were measured using 3D US at the carpal tunnel inlet and at the level of maximal swelling. RESULTS: Ten wrists were negative for CTS. Of the 92 CTS-positive wrists, 23, 30, and 39 were classified as having mild, moderate, and severe CTS, respectively. The median nerve CSA differed significantly between the severe- and moderate-CTS groups (p=0.0007 at the carpal tunnel inlet and p<0.0001 at the maximal swelling site). There was a correlation between median nerve CSA and EDX parameters among those wrists with severe and mild CTS (p<0.0001 at both sites). CONCLUSIONS: The median nerve CSA as measured by 3D US could provide additional information about the severity of CTS, as indicated by the strong correlation with standard EDX findings.
Bays ; Carpal Tunnel Syndrome* ; Humans ; Median Nerve ; Prospective Studies ; Ultrasonography* ; Wrist

We evaluated the morphologic changes that follow division of transverse carpal ligament in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome using high resolution sonography. Twenty hands of 10 patients underwent high- resolution ultrasonographic studies before the operation and 8 months after the operation. They were all diagnosed as bilateral idiopathic CTS. We evaluated the configuration of the median nerve and carpal tunnel at different three levels of the wrist; the distal radiocarpal joint level, the pisiform level, and the hook of hamate level. The median nerve remarkably gained its thickness at distal two levels after the operation. The morphology of carpal tunnel has also changed at distal levels. Increase in the anteroposterior diameter at distal two levels was obvious, but the cross sectional area of the carpal tunnel was increased significantly only at the hook of hamate level. The transverse diameters of the carpal tunnel were not significantly changed. As above, we found that the median nerve gained its volume significantly at distal part of carpal tunnel postoperatively, and the volumetric increase of carpal tunnel would have resulted from an anterior displacement of newly formed transverse carpal ligament and not from a widening of the bony carpal arch.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome* ; Hand ; Humans ; Joints ; Ligaments ; Median Nerve ; Ultrasonography* ; Wrist

OBJECTIVE: To establish the cutoff value of cross-sectional area (CSA) of the median nerve at the wrist, for determination of electrophysiologically moderate and severe carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). METHODS: The prospective study was conducted among patients suspected of having CTS. A total of 106 patients (185 symptomatic wrists) received nerve conduction study (NCS) and ultrasonography. To establish a cutoff value, various diagnostic properties were calculated across a range of the CSA. RESULTS: A mean±standard deviation of CSA of the median nerve of normal and mild, moderate and severe CTS was 9.4±2.1, 12.0±2.7, 13.8±4.7, and 15.4±4.1 mm², respectively. The positive relationship between CTS severities and CSA was observed (rs=0.56). A 14 mm² CSA had sufficient power to rule in moderate and severe CTS, with a specificity of 91.4% and sensitivity of 42.3%. In addition, it showed a post-test probability (positive predictive value) of 86.3% as against a pre-test probability of 56.2%. CONCLUSION: Patients who had ≥14 mm² of median nerve CSA had very high probability of moderate to severe CTS.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome* ; Electrophysiology ; Humans ; Median Nerve* ; Neural Conduction ; Prospective Studies ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Ultrasonography ; Wrist*

OBJECTIVE: To investigate a diagnostic value of ultrasonography in carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) patients and to evaluate a correlation of sonographic measurements with the degree of electrodiagnostic abnormalities and clinical severity. METHODS: Two-hundred-forty-six symptomatic hands in 135 patients and 30 asymptomatic hands in 19 healthy individuals as control group were included. In ultrasonographic study, we measured the cross-sectional area (CSA) and flattening ratio (FR) of the median nerve at the pisiform as well as palmar bowing (PB) of the flexor retinaculum. Sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonographic measurements were evaluated and ultrasonographic data from the symptomatic and control hands were compared to the grade of electrodiagnostic and clinical severity. RESULTS: The mean CSA was 13.7+/-4.2 mm2 in symptomatic hands and 7.9+/-1.3 mm2 in asymptomatic hands. The mean FR was 4.2+/-1.0 in symptomatic hands and 3.4+/-0.4 in asymptomatic hands. The mean PB was 3.5+/-0.5 mm in symptomatic hands and 2.6+/-0.3 mm in asymptomatic hands. Statistical analysis showed differences of the mean CSA, FR and PB between groups were significant. A cut-off value of 10 mm2 for the mean CSA was found to be the upper limit for normal value. Both the mean CSA and PB are correlated with the grade of electrophysiological abnormalities and clinical severity, respectively. CONCLUSION: Ultrasographic measurement of the CSA and PB is helpful to diagnose CTS as a non-invasive and an alternative modality for the evaluation of CTS. In addition, ultrasonography also provides a reliable correlation with the grade of electrodiagnostic abnormalities and clinical severity.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome* ; Diagnosis* ; Hand ; Humans ; Median Nerve ; Reference Values ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Ultrasonography*