Hallux valgus is a deformity characterized by lateral deviation of the great toe and medial deviation of the first metatarsal. When planning an operative treatment, it is important to realize that the deformity is tridimensional and diverse. Operative techniques include medial eminence resection, distal soft tissue procedure, first metatarsal osteotomy (distal, diaphyseal, proximal, or multiple), proximal phalanx osteotomy, arthrodesis (first metatarsophalangeal or metatarsocuneiform joint), and so on. Among these techniques, osteotomy is the main procedure for correcting the hallux valgus. The objective of this article is to describe the characteristics and recent advancements made for corrective osteotomies in the hallux valgus. The pathophysiology of the hallux valgus is also described.
Arthrodesis ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Hallux Valgus* ; Hallux* ; Median Eminence ; Metatarsal Bones ; Osteotomy* ; Toes

These experiments were performed to investigate the effect of saline, melatonin, stress, stressedmelatonin on TH immunoreactivity in rat brain. The animals were injected with melatonin (1 mg/kg, i.p.) after electric shocks for 15days. The results were as follows; 1. TH immunoreactive neurons in brain (the number of staining neuron & the stain intensity in LC and parietal cortex, the stain intensity in arcuate nucleus and median eminence of cerebral cortex) were significantly increased in stressed group compared with all the other groups. 2. TH immunoreactive neurons in brain (the number of staining neuron & the stain intensity in LC and parietal cortex, the stain intensity in arcuate nucleus and median eminence of cerebral cortex were significantly decreased in stressed-melatonin treated group compared with stressed group but were significantly increased compared with the other groups. These experiments indicate that its increase is inhibited by melatonin treatment even though, stress increases TH immunoreactivity in LC and Par.
Animals ; Arcuate Nucleus ; Brain* ; Cerebral Cortex ; Median Eminence ; Melatonin* ; Neurons ; Rabeprazole ; Rats* ; Shock

Animals ; Brain Diseases/pathology* ; Cell Cycle ; Interneurons/pathology* ; Median Eminence/pathology* ; Mice

The localization and number of oxytocin- and vasopressin-immunoreactive neurons (OXY-IR & VP-IR) and their fibers in the hypothalamic areas (supraoptic nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, lateral hypothalamic area and median eminence) of the hypophysectomized rat were compared with normal rats at 6 months of survival after surgery at the light microscopic level. The number of VP-IR neurons was markedly decreased in the supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN) in the hypophysectomized rats as compared to normal rats. Moreover, The number of VP-IR fibers was decresed in the SON, PVN, lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) and median eminence in the hypophysectomized rats. The number of OXY-IR neurons and thier fibers were also decreased in the SON and PVN in the hypophysectomized rats. The present results demonstrate that hypophysectomy induces a significant decrease in the number of OXY- and VPIR neurons and fibers within hypothalamic areas (SON, PVN, and LHA at 6 months of post-hypophysectomy) are decreased.
Animals ; Hypophysectomy ; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral ; Immunohistochemistry ; Median Eminence ; Neurons* ; Oxytocin* ; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus ; Rats* ; Supraoptic Nucleus ; Vasopressins

BDNF belongs to the neurotrophin family and important molecular mediator of functional and structural plasticity. The highest levels of BDNF are found in the hippocampus and hypothalamus of the adult rat. Hypothalamus is important because of its high degree of plasticity, but little is known about distribution of BDNF in hypothalamic nuclei. Therefore, it is necessary to study distribution and expression pattern of BDNF in each hypothalamic nuclei to understand changes of BDNF through various neural damages including spinal cord injury. Through this experiment, we found specific BDNF expression pattern in some regions of hypothalamus and the results are as follows. 1) BDNF expressions were found in median eminence, arcuate nucleus, supraoptic nucleus, and periventricular nucleus of rat hypothalamus. 2) BDNF immunoreactive cells and nerve fibers were of various shapes and sizes. 3) Glial cells also express BDNF in certain hypothalamic nuclei. These results seem to be useful for future investigations of neurochemical changes in the hypothalamus induced by various neural trauma or degenerative changes
Adult ; Animals ; Arcuate Nucleus ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor ; Hippocampus ; Humans ; Hypothalamus ; Median Eminence ; Nerve Fibers ; Neuroglia ; Plastics ; Rats ; Spinal Cord Injuries ; Supraoptic Nucleus

Hallux valgus has been defined as a static subluxation of the first metatarsophalangeal joint with lateral deviation of the proximal phalanx on the first metatarsal head from the longitudinal axis of the first metatarsal with medial deviation of the first metatarsal. And first-second metatarsal angle is increased as well as bursal hypertrophy over the medial eminence of the first metatarsal head. Many procedures have been reported for the treatment of the hallux valgus ranging from resection arthroplasty to distal first metatarsal or basal first metatarsal osteotomy. Of these, Johnson and Corless have required sufficiently good results in the modifying Mitchell osteotomy into Chevron osteotomy. The Chevron procedure is an osteotomy involving the distal portion of the first metatarsal, lateral displacement of the metatarsal head with exostosectomy, and tightening of the medial capsular structures. Authors studied 17 cases in 10 patients with the hallux valgus deformity treated by Chevron osteotomy at the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Capital Armed Forced General Hospital from September 1987 to September 1989. The results were as follows; 1. Seven patients (12 cases) were male and three patients (5 cases) were female. All patients had bilateral hallux valgus deformity. 2. The average first-second intermetatarsal angle was 11 degrees and average valgus angle was 32 degrees, preoperatively. They were corrected to 9 degrees and 14 degrees respectively. 3. The metatarsalgia of the great toe was subsided in all cases and they were satisfied with the result of their operations in respect to cosmetically and functionally. Avascular necrosis of capital fragment, nonunion, and dorsal angulation were not developed in any case. But, one case had marginal skin necrosis, presumably due to excessive compressive dressing. 4. Chevron osteotomy is a technically easy procedure and it can be obtained early bone healing with less complication.
Arm ; Arthroplasty ; Bandages ; Congenital Abnormalities ; Female ; Hallux Valgus ; Hallux ; Head ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Hypertrophy ; Male ; Median Eminence ; Metatarsal Bones ; Metatarsalgia ; Metatarsophalangeal Joint ; Necrosis ; Orthopedics ; Osteotomy ; Skin ; Toes

We experienced one case of severe pituitary dwarfism in a 10 years old female girl. Magnetic resonance image (MRI) revealed transection of the pituitary stalk stalk with the formation of high intensity ectopic posterior lobe located at the median eminence and agenesis of an anterior lobe of pituitary gland. The serum growth Hormone (GH) response to clonidine and L-dopa revealed severe GH deficiency. The patient had responses to TRH, normal TSH and partial prolactin response, respectively. There was not response LH and FSH to GnRH. The morning cortisol concentration and serum T4 concentration were decreased below the normal range. These findings and no hyperprolactinemia suggested the presence of a vascular connection between the pituitary gland and hypothalamus, which is not visible on MRI. Sofar, the primary cause of idiopathic pituitary dwarfism in many patients is injury to hypothalamus by perinatal insults. In this patient, there was no history of perinatal insults and postnatal head trauma but transection of the pituitary stalk. We report a case of severe pituitary dwarfism due to agenesis with brief review of related litereature.
Child ; Clonidine ; Craniocerebral Trauma ; Dwarfism, Pituitary* ; Female ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone ; Growth Hormone ; Humans ; Hydrocortisone ; Hyperprolactinemia ; Hypothalamus ; Levodopa ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Median Eminence ; Pituitary Gland* ; Pituitary Gland, Anterior* ; Prolactin ; Reference Values

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a neuropeptide, isolated from porcine brain that is homologous with atriopeptin. Magnocellular neurosecretory cells located in the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus synthesize and secrete neurohormones. The purpose of this study was to investigate distribution of BNP immunoreactivity throughout the rat hypothalamus from the day of birth to 30 days and adult using immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescent staining. The first BNP immunoreactive neurons appeared in the paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus at P10. In adult, BNP immunoreactivity was widely distributed throughout regions of the hypothalamus including dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, arcuate nucleus and internal layer of median eminence. The intensity of BNP immunoreactivity was weak in almost all hypothalamic nuclei except the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. BNP immunoreactivity was first observed in the lateral hypothalamic area at P15. In retrochiasmatic supraoptic nucleus, BNP immunoreactivity was first observed at P20 and remarkably distributed in adult. In the present study, distinct localization of BNP immunoreactivity was in the hypothalamic cell bodies and fibers. Although the role of BNP in the brain is yet to be determined, these results indicate that BNP in the neurons of hypothalamus play important role in the regulation of a variety of neurosecretory functions as a neuromodulator during postnatal development of the hypothalamus.
Adult ; Animals ; Arcuate Nucleus ; Brain* ; Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus ; Humans ; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral ; Hypothalamus* ; Immunohistochemistry ; Median Eminence ; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain ; Neurons* ; Neuropeptides ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus ; Parturition ; Rats* ; Supraoptic Nucleus ; Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus

Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) is a neuropeptide, isolated from porcine brain that is homologous with atriopeptin. Magnocellular neurosecretory cells located in the paraventricular nucleus and supraoptic nucleus synthesize and secrete neurohormones. The purpose of this study was to investigate distribution of BNP immunoreactivity throughout the rat hypothalamus from the day of birth to 30 days and adult using immunoperoxidase and immunofluorescent staining. The first BNP immunoreactive neurons appeared in the paraventricular and supraoptic nucleus at P10. In adult, BNP immunoreactivity was widely distributed throughout regions of the hypothalamus including dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, arcuate nucleus and internal layer of median eminence. The intensity of BNP immunoreactivity was weak in almost all hypothalamic nuclei except the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. BNP immunoreactivity was first observed in the lateral hypothalamic area at P15. In retrochiasmatic supraoptic nucleus, BNP immunoreactivity was first observed at P20 and remarkably distributed in adult. In the present study, distinct localization of BNP immunoreactivity was in the hypothalamic cell bodies and fibers. Although the role of BNP in the brain is yet to be determined, these results indicate that BNP in the neurons of hypothalamus play important role in the regulation of a variety of neurosecretory functions as a neuromodulator during postnatal development of the hypothalamus.
Adult ; Animals ; Arcuate Nucleus ; Brain* ; Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus ; Humans ; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral ; Hypothalamus* ; Immunohistochemistry ; Median Eminence ; Natriuretic Peptide, Brain ; Neurons* ; Neuropeptides ; Neurotransmitter Agents ; Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus ; Parturition ; Rats* ; Supraoptic Nucleus ; Ventromedial Hypothalamic Nucleus

OBJECTIVEThis study aimed to investigate the possible role of Orphanin FQ (OFQ) in the regulation of hypo-thalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion.

METHODSThe method of push-pull perfusion and radioimmuno-assay (RIA) were adopted to examine the secretory profile of GnRH in the median eminence (ME) in freely moving ovari-ectomized (OVX) rats after intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of OFQ and/or [Nphe(1)]NC(1-13)NH(2) (NC13), a competitive antagonists of the opioid receptor-like 1 receptor (ORL1 receptor).

RESULTSGnRH release from ME significantly decreased from 40 min to 80 min after the administration of 20 and 200 nmol OFQ in OVX rats (P < 0.05). This inhibitory effect of 20 nmol OFQ could be abolished by pretreatment with equal dose of NC13. More interestingly, GnRH secretion from ME was increased markedly 60 min after icv injection of 100 and 200 nmol NC13 (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONOur results suggested central administration of OFQ could inhibit the release of GnRH in the ME of hypothalamus through ORL1 receptor, providing further in vivo evidence supporting the role of OFQ in the control of GnRH secretion.

Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Female ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone ; metabolism ; Median Eminence ; metabolism ; Narcotic Antagonists ; Opioid Peptides ; pharmacology ; Ovariectomy ; methods ; Peptide Fragments ; pharmacology ; Radioimmunoassay ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Opioid ; metabolism ; Secretory Pathway ; drug effects ; Vasodilator Agents ; pharmacology ; Wakefulness ; physiology