Background: \r\n', u'Chicken embryo cell was the most effective fibroblast cell line for producing the attenuated measles vaccines. Many countries as Japan, in Kitasato, an attenuated virus derived from the Edmonston virulent strain adapted in chick embryo cells, it was call AIK- C strain, and used for measles vaccine production. In Vietnam, the POLYVAC have applied the Kitasato institute\u2019s technology into measles vaccines production. The Valo SPF egg (Lohmann-Germany) was used in the chick embryo culture \r\n', u'Objectives: \r\n', u'To study the inoculation, and clone of the human AIK-C strain in the chick embryo in order to achieve a high yield of virus for measles vaccine production \r\n', u'Subjects and method:\r\n', u'Suitablecells (AIK- C Strain, an attenuated virus derived from the Edmonston virulent strain, chicken embryo cell cultured from SPF egg Valo Germany) are selected. Then methods as inoculating and culturinglive viruses on the chicken embryo cell are applied.\r\n', u'Results:\r\n', u'After 9 days for infection, viruses which were observed via microscope, propagated and in infectious clone by the measles virus.\r\n', u'Conclusion: \r\n', u'Many tests for propagation of AIK measles virus in chicken embryo cell cuture derived from Valo SPF egg (Germany) showed that chicken embryo cell culture from Valo SPF egg (Germany) is appropriated fro AIK- C measles vaccine production in Vietnam.\r\n', u'
Measles virus ;

Korea declared in 2006 that measles had been eliminated; however, a measles outbreak occurred in the southeastern area of Korea in 2011. Active surveillance of measles patients was conducted in Seoul 3 cases were detected in 2013 and 103 cases in 2014. Of 106 confirmed measles patients, 32 cases were within one university in Seongbukgu, and 23 were within three schools in Yongsangu. Students 14~29 years old comprised 78.3% (83/106) of the cases, and 75.5% (80/106) of the measles viruses were of genotype B3. One foreign traveler played an important role in the measles outbreak in Seoul. This measles outbreak in Seoul may provide useful data for future epidemiological studies of measles.
Epidemiologic Studies ; Genotype ; Humans ; Korea ; Measles virus ; Measles* ; Seoul*

Background. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by prolonged persistent infection of the central nervous system with a measles virus mutant. Though various treatment modalities have been tried, there is no effective treatment to completely cure SSPE and new therapeutic strategies are needed.

Objective. This is a prospective uncontrolled observational open label trial to describe the short-term outcomes and safety of intraventricular ribavirin in combination with oral isoprinosine in Filipino SSPE patients.

Methods. Sixteen (16) unrelated SSPE patients between ages 3-26 years and in various clinical stages were included in this study. Demographic data were described. Intraventricular instillation of ribavirin (1-3 mg/kg/dose) through an Ommaya reservoir was given for a duration of 3-6 months in 13 patients. The duration of follow-up was 48 weeks. The clinical outcome was assessed before, during, and after treatment using the Neurological Disability Index (NDI), Brief Assessment Examination (BAE), and clinical staging using the Jabbour Classification. Adverse side effects from intraventricular ribavirin were enumerated.

Results. Six of 13 (46.15%) patients mostly in Stage III illness had clinical improvement showing decreasing NDI and BAE scores during treatment and the clinical improvement was maintained or improved further during the 48-week follow-up period. Clinical improvement manifested as improved mental alertness, decrease in spasticity and reduction of seizures. The clinical staging of those who improved remained stable during and after treatment was discontinued. Five (38.46%) patients in Stage II disease worsened and progressed to Stage III despite ribavirin therapy including 1 (7.6%) patient who died after the treatment phase due to pneumonia and brainstem failure. The clinical course of two (15.38%) patients remained unchanged. Minor adverse side effects of ribavirin included transient fever, rash, oral sores, seizure episodes, drowsiness, bladder retention and mild increase in transaminases. Ommaya reservoir infection was a serious adverse event in 5 (31.25%) patients.

Conclusion. There is still no definitive cure for SSPE. Although ribavirin may help alleviate some of the symptoms of SSPE and prolong life, it may not reverse or halt the progression of the disease. Long term follow-up of these patients and continuous use of intraventricular ribavirin will better clarify its role in modifying the fatal course of SSPE. The role of ribavirin in Stage I patients and a controlled clinical trial in Stage II SSPE needs further studies.

Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis ; Ribavirin ; Measles virus

We isolated and identified the genotypes and molecular characteristics of the imported B3 measles virus (MeV) in the Chinese mainland. The Vero/SLAM cell line was used to isolate the viruses. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was undertaken to amplify the 450 nucleotide acids of the 3-terminal of the nucleoprotein gene. A phylogenetic tree was constructed and similarities in homology assessed. Results suggested that the Shanghai isolates MVi/Shanghai. CHN/38. 13/02 [B3] and MVi/Shanghai. CHN/40. 13/02[B3] were clustered within the same genotype group as the World Health Organization (WHO) B3 genotype reference strain. The number of differences in nucleotide acids between the two Shanghai isolates was one. The homology of nucleotide acids between the Shanghai isolates and the WHO B3 genotype reference strain (MVi/Ibadan. NGA/0.97/1/B3) was 98%. Comparative results from the Measles Nucleotide Surveillance system suggested that the sequences of Shanghai isolates and the 2013 vi- ruses from Australia, Japan, Korea, Hong Kong China, Philippines and Iran were identical. This is the first time that the B3 genotype of MeV in the Chinese mainland has been isolated since 1993. These data can be used to create a "baseline" of genetic information for measles viruses in China, and help to trace the transmission of measles viruses in China and the rest of the world.
China ; Genotype ; Humans ; Measles ; virology ; Measles virus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification

OBJECTIVETo investigate the variations on hemagglutinin (H) gene of measles virus (MV) in Zhejiang province, and to analyze the differences with strains circulated both at home and abroad.

METHODSIn total, 33 MV strains isolated in Zhejiang province between 1999 and 2011 were collected.RNA of the isolated MV strains was extracted and the complete sequences on H gene were amplified using RT-PCR assay. The products were compared with the Chinese vaccine strain Shanghai-191, which was downloaded from GenBank, and other 95 different MV strains from all over the world.

RESULTS33 MV strains, isolated from the throat swab specimens collected from MV patients in Zhejiang province during 1999 to 2001, were used to conduct phylogenetic analysis with MV strains circulated in other areas of China during 1993 to 2007. The phylogenetic tree based on H gene sequences showed that all the Zhejiang MV strains located in H1a cluster, and no apparent time series and geographic restrictions were observed. Compared to the referenced vaccine strain Shanghai-191, the average variation rate on nucleotides and amino acids, and the evolutionary rate of H1a viruses from China during 2003 to 2011 were separately 5.15%, 4.44% and 5.81%, which were higher than the rates of H1a viruses during 1965 to 1993 (4.75%, 3.86% and 5.30%), and the rates of viruses during 1994 to 2002 (4.80%, 4.08% and 5.37%).However, the dn/ds ratios of strains within the three time periods were 0.19,0.21 and 0.23 respectively, which indicated that no evidence of positive selection was found on H1a MV strains during 1993 to 2011. A 24 stable amino acid variation sites on H gene was found between H1a viruses during 2003 to 2011 and the vaccine strain Shanghai-191. The largest variation occurred between vaccine and H1a strains, with 0.053 of the p-distance and 26-28 of amino acid mutations.However, only 15 stable amino acid variations were found between vaccine strain and genotype B3 or D4 strains.In addition, significant differences were found between H1a viruses and genotype B or D viruses, with 0.074 and 0.071 of p-distance and 27-33 of amino acid differences.

CONCLUSIONSignificant differences were found on H gene between MV strains subtype H1a and vaccine strains and other genotype strains. The variations were enlarged with the time coursing; therefore, the surveillance on variation of Chinese MV strains should be taken into account.

China ; epidemiology ; Genotype ; Hemagglutinins, Viral ; genetics ; Humans ; Measles ; epidemiology ; virology ; Measles virus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification

Myocarditis is inflammation, necrosis and myocytolysis of myocardium by many infectious, connective tissue, granulomatous, toxic, or idiopathic process. Viruses are probably the most important cause of myocarditis. But the exact cause remains unknown in the majority of patients with presumed myocarditis. We describe a case of myocarditis by measles virus in a 11-year-old girl with a brief review of related literatures.
Child ; Connective Tissue ; Female ; Humans ; Inflammation ; Measles virus* ; Measles* ; Myocarditis* ; Myocardium ; Necrosis

Rapid and reliable diagnosis of measles is important to establish an appropriate therapy and to monitor the epidemic. However, classical ELISA methods using purified virus or virus-infected cells as antigens are not only difficult to determine optimal condition for diagnosis but also highly expensive to establish routine and appropriate diagnostic systems. Nucleoprotein of measles virus is one of the major antigens of measles virus that evoke initial IgM responses. It can be used as an attractive antigen for sero-diagnosis of measles during early infection. To develop simple and inexpensive diagnostic method for measles, we expressed a recombinant nucleoprotein (60-kDa) and a fragmented portion of the nucleoprotein (50-kDa) in E. coli and evaluated their appropriateness as diagnostic antigens. The proteins strongly reacted with sera from measles patients but not with normal control sera. Efficiency of recombinant nucleoprotein-ELISA (rN-ELISA) to detect IgM was compared that of whole measles virus-ELISA (MV-ELISA) on the basis of a clinical diagnosis. In rN-ELISA, sensitivity was 73.8% and agreement was above 76.4%. In MV-ELISA, sensitivity was 76.9% and agreement was 79.2%. Therefore, efficacy of rN-ELISA seemed to be similar to that of MV-ELISA. In addition, we compared with Edmonston rN-ELISA and Korean isolate rN-ELISA on the basis of commercial MV-ELISA. In Edmonston rN-ELISA, sensitivity was 94.0% and agreement was 98.4%. In the case of Korean isolate rN-ELISA, sensitivity was 96.0% and agreement was 96.9%. Thus, there was no significant difference in the efficacy between Edmonston rN-ELISA and Korean isolate rN-ELISA. Furthermore, the correlation coefficient (R2) between Edmonston rN-ELISA and Korean isolate rN-ELISA was 0.9925. These results suggest both Edmonston and Korean isolate rN-ELISA may be useful to diagnose measles.
Diagnosis ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay* ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin M* ; Immunoglobulins* ; Measles virus* ; Measles* ; Nucleoproteins*

OBJECTIVETo study the incidence of cases with rash and fever illness (RFIs) after measles vaccine (MV) inoculation.

METHODSDuring 1999 to 2002, 150 RFIs cases reported by the special measles surveillance system in Shandong province, China, were investigated and analyzed epidemiologically.

RESULTS7 674 690 ml MV were distributed during 1999 to 2002 and the annual average incidence of RFIs cases after MV inoculation was 0.20/10 000 ml (0.2 ml per dose). There was significant difference of incidences each year (chi(2) = 10.13, P < 0.05). All RFIs cases were sporadically distributed without epidemiological links. Clinical symptoms showed that 88.67% of the 150 RFIs cases having > 38.5 degrees C fever and 75.33% of all cases appeared typical rash after 4 to 11 days (the medium was 8 days) after MV inoculation. The order of rash onset among RFIs cases was consistent with that of regular measles cases caused by wild virus. 68.67% of the RFIs cases had first MV inoculation and 94.71% were 8 to 12 month-olds. IgM sera antibody test from RFIs cases were rubella negative and 45.65% positive for measles.

CONCLUSIONRFIs due to allergic reaction or measles vaccine virus infection might occur after MV inoculation. There seemed to be a correlation between RFIs incidence and the doses of MV. Measles virus genotype analysis needs to be carried out to confirm if the onset of some RFIs cases is aetiologically associated to MV vaccine virus infection.

Exanthema ; etiology ; virology ; Fever ; etiology ; virology ; Humans ; Measles ; prevention & control ; Measles Vaccine ; adverse effects ; Measles virus ; immunology ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Vaccination

OBJECTIVETo investigate the know gene types of main wild type measles virus strains and take measures to control measles in Jilin Province.

METHODSGenetic characterization of 9 measles viruses isolated from 72 throat swabs or urine specimens of measles patients using CDW(150) cells line was studied in Jilin Province in 2005.

RESULTSSequence analysis of 450 nucleotides of COOH-terminal of nucleoprotein (N) genes of 9 isolates indicated that all were members of H(1) genotype, in which there are 7 strains of H1a and 2 strains of H1b, the H1a subgroup differed from H1b by 2.0% approximately 3.5% at the nucleotide level in the COOH-terminal of the N gene.

CONCLUSIONSThe H(1) genotype of wild-type measles viruses should be the main epidemic strain and main pathogen that caused measles outbreaks and sporadic cases in Jilin Province.

China ; Genes, Reporter ; Genes, Viral ; Genotype ; Humans ; Measles ; epidemiology ; virology ; Measles virus ; genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Viral Structural Proteins ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo study the genetic characteristics of measles viruses circulating in Zhejiang province in 2005.

METHODS4 groups of measles viruses isolated in outbreaks and the H and N gene were amplified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). PCR products were purified, sequenced and data was analyzed.

RESULTSAll of the 4 measles isolates belonged to genotype H1 which had been a main genotype containing all of the isolates in China. The isolates shared 99.2% -99.7% identity of amino acid sequence on H and 99.8% identity of amino acid sequence on N gene. When comparing to the China vaccine strain (Shanghai 191), there were 95.2%-95.5% homogeneties and 95.5% homogeneties on H and N gene respectively.

CONCLUSIONData from phylogenic trees of H and N gene revealed that the wide-type measles viruses circulating in Zhejiang province in 2005 all belonged to genotype H1. There were obvious differences on genetic characteristics between the isolates and the genotype A (Shanghai 191).

Amino Acid Sequence ; China ; epidemiology ; Genes, Viral ; Genotype ; Measles ; epidemiology ; Measles virus ; classification ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Phylogeny