A measles outbreak reappeared after 8 years at Bac Phong commune from March to May 1998. The vaccination coverage of this commune from 1992 to 1997 reached 76.6 to 92.7% of the target population, and children population was free from measles during 8 years. 335 cases were recorded, among them 18 (children 1-5 years old) were vaccinated. The attack rate of vaccinated children was 4.7% of all vaccines during 1992-1996. The protective efficacy of the children 1-5 years old was evaluated as 85.6% (confidence internal 95%).
Measles ; vaccines

A measles outbreak reappeared after 8 years at Bac Phong commune from March to May 1998. The vaccination coverage of this commune from 1992 to 1997 reached 76.6 to 92.7% of the target population, and children population was free from measles during 8 years. 335 cases were recorded, among them 18 (children 1-5 years old) were vaccinated. The attack rate of vaccinated children was 4.7% of all vaccines during 1992-1996. The protective efficacy of the children 1-5 years old was evaluated as 85.6% (confidence internal 95%).
Measles ; vaccines

An interviewed survey on 147 mothers who have small children was carried out in some communes in Hue city to evaluate their knowledge, attitude and practice in vaccineation against measles. The results showed that most of the interviewed mothers (> 87%) had good knowledge about the severity of measles infection, the susceptibility of their children with measles virus and transmission of this disease. The mother’s acceptance to vaccineation against measles is good; this implies the efficiency of the vaccination program.
Measles vaccines ; Mothers

Vaccines ; Papua New Guinea ; Measles

In countries and regions with high vaccination coverage, several vaccine-preventable diseases have been resurged in recent years, such as measles, varicella, pertussis and mumps. Some studies have found that the clinical manifestation and epidemiological characteristics of these diseases were different from those in pre-vaccine era. This article reviewed the clinical and epidemiological features of vaccine-preventable diseases before and after wide immunization implementation, focusing on the situation in China, in order to attract the attention of clinicians, raise awareness, strengthen prevention and control, and promote in-depth research for these diseases.
Chickenpox ; China ; Humans ; Measles ; Mumps ; Vaccination ; Vaccines

This study was undertaken to acquire some information concerning the mechanism for reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye by neutrophils. Male rabbits weighing more than 2 kilograms were used in this study. The vaccines. The vaccines utilized were bacterial and viral ones such as typhoid, cholera, measles, and mumps vaccines. The histochemical NBT test was carried out using the method by Park et al. With some modification. Vaccines were given the rabbits, and changes were observed in the percentage and number of pseudoeosinophils and NBT-positive pseudoeosils in the peripheral blood. The data obtained thus were discussed and summarized as follow:1. The percentage of the NBT-positive pseudoeosinophils increased in the rabbits to which the bacterial vaccines were given. 2. The percentage of NBT-positive pseudoeosinophils decreased in the rabbits to whick viral vaccines were given. 3. No association was found between the percentage of the NBT-positive pseudoeosinophils and the number of pseudodosinophils following the administeration.
Bacterial Vaccines ; Cholera ; Humans ; Male ; Measles ; Mumps ; Neutrophils ; Nitroblue Tetrazolium* ; Rabbits* ; Typhoid Fever ; Vaccines ; Viral Vaccines

PURPOSE: Although remarkable progress has been made in efforts to control measles since measles vaccines became available for use, the longterm success of their vaccination programmes has been questioned, with the worldwide resurgence of the disease. This resurgence has increased attention on the inadequacy of current immunization programmes. In 1993 there have been measles outbreaks in Seong-nam city located near the sourthern Seoul, Korea. To characterize further the epidemiology of measles in Seong-nam city, we analysed demographic characteristics of measles cases reported for the year 1993. METHODS: With the cooperation of the nurse teacher in elimentary school, the data of measles cases were collected and each case was confirmed at local clinics, hospital or general hospital, including inha General Hospital. RESULTS: 1) Out of 645 cases(male: female = 1.08:1) the children above 5 yrs of age were 586 cases of which 529 cases(90.3%) were vaccinated on after 15 months of age. After the survey, measles occurred in 1.9% of the 11 elementary school students. Children with past MMR vaccination history showed milder course of measles than those without the vaccination history. 2) Out of 87 patients who had been brought to Inha General Hospital, 55%(n=48) was 6 to 1 5 months of age, 13%(n=11) was 15 months to 4 years of age, and 32%(n=28) was 5 to 14 years of age, which showed two major outbreaks: those in which of the cases occurred below 16 months of age and those in which considerable cases occurred among school-age persons. 3) Below 15 months of age, most of the cause of the unvaccination were inadequate access to medical care and lack of public awareness in some communities, with the resulting lack of d emand for immunization services. The causes of unvaccination above 15 months of age were neglect or oblivion in 35%(n=2 0), mild acute illness not contraindicated to vaccine use in 21%(n=12), economic difficulty in 8. 8%(n=5), vaccine omission after natural measles before 12 months of age in 7%(n=4). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the high uptake of measles vaccine there is currently a nationwide e pidemic of measles, especially among the school-age groups. Secondary vaccine failure is also thought to be important cause of measles ortbreak as well as primary vaccine failure. A booster dose of measles vaccine may be necessary to reduce the measles outbreak to allow the goal of measles elimination to be achieved, with the reinforcement of age-appropriate Immunization.
Child ; Disease Outbreaks* ; Epidemiologic Studies* ; Epidemiology ; Female ; Gyeonggi-do* ; Hospitals, General ; Humans ; Immunization ; Korea ; Measles Vaccine ; Measles* ; Seoul ; Vaccination ; Vaccines

PURPOSE: To investigate the feature of the range of measles in 2000, we studied epidemics of the measles in western Kyungnam District. METHODS: Among 489 patients under 15 years of age who visited or were admitted to in our hospital from January to December in 2000, we selected 344 patients whose measles IgM antibody was positive. We investigated age, monthly incidence, clinical features, vaccination history, and measles IgG antibody. RESULTS: Patients under 12 months of age occupied the largest proportion(36.9%). Patients firstly occurred in May and geometrically increased from October. Fever, cough and rashes were observed in all patients but conjunctivitis in 54.9%, Koplik spot in 23.8%. The first vaccination ratio was 41.8%. Compared with the number of patients and the first vaccination ratio, the first vaccination ratio was the lowest under 12 months of age. After that age group, the number of patients was decreased as the first vaccination ratio was increased. Among 152 patients sampled for measles IgG antibody, 35 patients had received the first vaccination and 6 patients had received the second vaccination. Among 35 patients who received the first vaccination, 22(62.9%) patients were negative of measles IgG antibody. Among 6 patients who received the second vaccination, 3(50%) patients were negative. CONCLUSIONS: Measles patients under 12 months still dominated. Therefore, routine vaccination of single measles vaccine, is currently done at 6 month when measles are prevalent, should be considered. High first vaccination failure suggests problems of vaccines itself, transport and storage rather than vaccination methods. Therefore a thorough investigation should be made.
Conjunctivitis ; Cough ; Exanthema ; Fever ; Gyeongsangnam-do* ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin G ; Immunoglobulin M ; Incidence ; Measles Vaccine ; Measles* ; Prevalence* ; Vaccination ; Vaccines

The vaccines has been developed over the first two hundred years since Jenner's smallpox vaccination. In modern days, vaccination has had the largest impact on the incidence and persistence of infections. Although natural infection induces lifelong immunity, the assumption that the vaccine also confers permanent protection has been reconsidered following outbreaks of measles in students who had been vaccinated 15-20 years prior to infection in the US in the 1980s. Clinical studies have proposed several mechanisms such as vaccine failure in some individuals and the subsequent loss of immunity after vaccination. An ideal vaccine is relatively easy to define, but few real vaccines approach the ideal. Many difficulties account for the failure in producing these ideal vaccines. However, recent advances in methods for studying immune response to pathogens have provided a better understanding of immune mechanisms. Based on these findings, the development of good vaccine formulations allowing stimulation of optimal and prolonged protective immunity and immunization policies or schedules should lead to the introduction of vaccines for previously resistant organisms.
Appointments and Schedules ; Disease Outbreaks ; Humans ; Immunization ; Incidence ; Measles ; Smallpox ; Vaccination ; Vaccines

Infectious diseases have historically resulted in suspended or cancelled military operations. Vaccination for disease prevention is a critical component of the military's force readiness doctrine. Until recently, Korea had not recognized the importance of vaccinating military personnel. However, a 2011 meningococcal disease outbreak at an army recruit training center led to dramatic changes in the paradigm of traditional medical practice in the Korean armed forces. A new vaccination policy was formed by a 2012 Military Healthcare Service Act. Since then, Neisseria meningitidis, hepatitis A, and measles-mumps-rubella vaccines have been routinely administered to all new recruits early in basic training to ensure protection against these diseases. All active-duty soldiers also receive seasonal influenza vaccination annually. Despite quantitative improvements in vaccination policies, several instances of major infectious diseases and adverse vaccine reactions have threatened soldier health. In the future, vaccination policies in the Korean armed forces should be based on epidemiologic data and military medical research for vaccine use and safety management.
Health Policy ; Hepatitis A Vaccines/immunology ; Humans ; Influenza Vaccines/immunology ; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine/immunology ; Meningococcal Vaccines/immunology ; *Military Personnel ; Republic of Korea ; *Vaccination