OBJECTIVETo explore the neutralization capacities of different types of human serum to measles virus epidemic strains and vaccine strain.

METHODSNeutralization antibody (NT) to Shanghai 191 and measles virus isolates in 2005 were tested using acute and convalescent serum samples from diagnosed measles patients, children serum samples collected before and after vaccination and serum samples of migrant residents, from 3 different regions. Additionally, animal immune serum referring to vaccine strain and 3 epidemic strains were prepared and used to undergo crossing neutralization test with corresponding strains mentioned-above. Antigenic ratios were calculated.

RESULTSGMT value of NT of after-immune serum to vaccine strains was 50.82,1.86 times higher than that to MVi/ZJ/05/7 (GMT was 27.35), whereas GMT value of convalescent serum to MVi/ZJ/05/7 (GMT was 386.95) was obviously higher than that to vaccine strain (GMT was 1:151.83),and GMT value of migrant residents' serum in 3 regions to MVi/ZJ/05/7 were 2.22-4.17 times lower than that to vaccine strain. Meanwhile,the antigenic ratios between MVi/ZJ/ 99/1, MVi/ZJ/04/1, MVi/ZJ/05/7 and vaccine strain were found to be 4.28,5.24 and 5.66 respectively. Additionally,low NT titers to vaccine strain were found in patients' acute sera and GMT value was over 1:4.

CONCLUSIONThere were obvious differences on neutralization antibody of different types of serum to measles vaccine strain and epidemic strains which indicating the antigenic diversity of epidemic strains had influenced the protective effectiveness of vaccine antibody to epidemic strains. It was of significance to carry on research projects on the antigenic diversity and effectiveness of measles vaccine.

Animals ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; blood ; immunology ; Antibodies, Viral ; blood ; immunology ; Antigens, Viral ; genetics ; immunology ; Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Humans ; Measles ; epidemiology ; immunology ; prevention & control ; Measles Vaccine ; immunology ; Measles virus ; genetics ; Neutralization Tests ; Vaccination

OBJECTIVETo analyze the measles immunity level of persistent population in Beijing.

METHODSA total of 2125 objects from 10 age groups, who had been living in Beijing for over 6 months, were selected from urban and rural areas in Beijing in 2012. Demographic characteristics, history of measles and vaccine immunization were investigated by questionnaire. 5 ml blood sample of each subject was collected, and the Measles IgG antibody was measured by ELISA assay.

RESULTSPositive rate of measles antibody was 84.71% (1800/2125) and standardized positive rate was 88.07% . Median of antibody was 960.46 IU/L. Positive rate and median of measles antibody were significantly different between population from different age groups (χ(2) = 341.60, P < 0.01; H = 216.27, P < 0.01). Antibody positive rate and median were lowest in the <1 year age group, which were separately 43.06% (90/209) and 185.80 IU/L; and highest in the 1-4 (97.31% (181/186) and 2448.81 IU/L) and 5-9 years age group (96.46% (218/226) and 1910.72 IU/L). The range of antibody positive rate and median in adults of ≥ 15 years were 81.98%-90.14% and 744.38-1474.84 IU/L. Antibody positive rate and median in persistent population, which were separately 82.45% (883/1071) and 899.82 IU/L, were lower than those in migrant population, which were 87.00% (917/1054) and 166.19 IU/L, respectively (χ(2) = 8.51, P < 0.01;U = 538 704.00, P < 0.01). Antibody positive rate and median in population with vaccination history, which were separately 91.95% (891/969) and 1443.11 IU/L, were higher than those population without vaccination history and people whose history unknown (32.95% (57/173) , 127.33 IU/L; 86.67% (852/983) , 923.73 IU/L). The difference showed statistical significance (χ(2) = 399.92, P < 0.01; H = 202.11, P < 0.01).

CONCLUSIONAmong the persistent population in China, measles antibody level among the children aging 1-9 years old was high enough to prevent outbreak and epidemic of measles. However, we should try our best to strengthen the measles antibody level among the babies younger than 1 year old and the migrant population aging between 15 and 40 years old.

Adolescent ; Adult ; Antibodies, Viral ; blood ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Measles ; epidemiology ; immunology ; prevention & control ; Measles virus ; Young Adult

OBJECTIVETo analyze the affecting factors on the cause of measles and measles vaccine under the high coverage of measles vaccine in Shaanxi province.

METHODSAge distribution and vaccination history on measles cases were studied. Throat swabs were obtained from measles cases. Measles virus was isolated from collected specimens with phenol-chloroform extraction method. Amplification was performed by RT-PCR in order to amplify 450 bp fragment of the -COOH side of N gene,and then the sequences of PCR products were detected to confirm the gene type of measles virus. Sera were obtained from patients who were in acute phase of measles disease,and antibody titer against measles vaccine strain and wild strain were determined by small amounts neutralization test.

RESULTSMeasles cases with the history of measles vaccination were accounted for 38.97% of the total numbers. The geometrical mean titer (GMT) (56.18) against S191 attenuated strain was significant higher than that of wild strain (26.90) among these measles patients with history of having received measles vaccination. The GMT (25.40) against S191 attenuated strain was similar to that of wild strain (27.86) among these measles patients with non-history of measles vaccination. The antibody negative rate against wild strain was 19.15% to these sera from patients with the history of measles vaccination and antibody potency against S191 strain was less than 16.

CONCLUSIONThe appearance of higher measles incidence under the higher coverage of measles vaccine indicated that measles epidemic strain might degenerate as the result regarding the failure of the present measles vaccine in protecting the transmission of H1 wild strain.

Age Distribution ; Antibodies, Viral ; blood ; Base Sequence ; China ; epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Incidence ; Measles ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Measles Vaccine ; administration & dosage ; Measles virus ; genetics ; isolation & purification ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neutralization Tests

PURPOSE: The 2000-2001 measles epidemic resulted in more than 50,000 cases with the highest attack rate occuring in infants less than one year of age, indicating the necessity of measles immunization before 12 months of age when a measles outbreak occurs again. The study was conducted to measure maternal measles antibody in infants by plaque reduction neutralization test(PRN), for the first time in Korea, to assess the optimal age for measles vaccination before the first birthday, when necessary. METHODS: Sera were obtained from 95 infants younger than 12 months of age who were healthy or recovered from mild llnesses, and had not had measles vaccination, measles infection, or blood transfusion. Measles antibodies were measured by PRN. RESULTS: Geometric mean titers and seropositive rates of measles antibody measured by PRN were 879.7 mIU/mL(100.0%), 690.0 mIU/mL(83.3%), 182.7 mIU/mL(50.0%), 91.3 mIU/mL(50.0%), 32.2 mIU/ mL(0.0)%, 25.1 mIU/mL(0.0%), 18.1 mIU/mL(0.0%), 38.4 mIU/mL(25.0%), 27.1 mIU/mL(0.0%), 31.2 mIU/mL(0.0%), 54.3 mIU/mL(0.0%), and 27.1 mIU/mL(0.0%) from 0 to 11 months respectively. CONCLUSION: By PRN, which was used for the first time to measure the measles antibody in Korea, placentally transferred measles antibody was detected in all newborns tested and decreased reciprocally to the age of infants, leaving almost all infants older than four months seronegative. These results indicate that measles vaccination at six months of age or older, which is the current recommendation during the period of epidemic issued by the Korean Society of Pediatrics, should not cause the primary vaccine failure. It seems advisable to utilize PRN further in order to find the optimal schedule for measles vaccination to infants born to women who were vaccinated.
Antibodies* ; Appointments and Schedules ; Blood Transfusion ; Female ; Humans ; Immunization ; Infant* ; Infant, Newborn ; Korea ; Measles* ; Neutralization Tests* ; Pediatrics ; Vaccination

We analyzed the comparative amounts of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSFr) and granulocyte macrophage CSF (GM-CSFr) receptors expressed on neutrophils and monocytes in measles patients to investigate the role of these CSFrs in the development of leukopenia including neutropenia and monocytopenia in measles. EDTA-anticoagulated peripheral blood of 19 measles patients, 10 children with other infections showing leukopenia and 16 children with normal complete blood cell counts (CBC)s were analyzed using flow cytometry and QuantiBRITE. The leukocyte (5260 +/- 2030/uL vs. 9900 + 2680/uL, p=0.000), neutrophil (2580 +/- 960/uL vs. 4250 +/- 2750/uL, p=0.024) and the lymphocyte counts of measles patients (1810 +/- 1430/uL vs. 4530 +/- 3450/uL, p= 0.006) were lower than in the normal controls. The neutrophils of measles patients expressed similar amounts of G- CSFr (1858 +/- 355) as normal children (1764 +/- 477, p= 0.564) and leukopenic patients (1773 +/- 673, p=0.713), but lower levels of GM-CSFr (535 +/- 118) than normal children (957 +/- 344, p=0.000) and leukopenic patients (832 +/- 294, p=0.002). The monocytes of measles patients expressed similar amounts of G-CSFr (916 +/- 336) and GM-CSFr (3718 +/- 906) as normal children (1013 +/- 391 and 4125 (2645, p > 0.05) but less than leukopenic patients (1454 +/- 398 and 5388 +/- 806, p > 0.05). The neutrophil and monocyte counts of measles patients did not correlate with the amount of G-CSFr or GM-CSFr expressed on neutrophils or monocytes (p > 0.05), but in the normal children, the monocyte count correlated with the levels of GM-CSFr on monocytes (r=0.951, p=0.049). In conclusion, neutropenia is one of the more important characteristics of measles patients, which could be due to the decreased GM-CSFr expression on neutrophils. However, the monocytopenia found in measles patients is not due to the decreased expression of CSFr on the monocytes.
Human ; Leukocyte Count ; Measles/*blood ; Monocytes/*chemistry ; Neutropenia/etiology ; Neutrophils/*chemistry ; Receptors, Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor/*blood ; Receptors, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/*blood

OBJECTIVETo investigate genotype of wild-type measles viruses circulated in Beijing in 2003.

METHODSThroat swabs specimens were collected from patients seen during an outbreak of measles and from clinically suspected sporadic measles patients in 2003. Vero/SLAM cell lines recommended by WHO were used to isolate measles virus. Four hundreds and fifty nucleotides of COOH-terminal of nucleoprotein (N) genes were amplified by using PR-PCR. The amplified products were sequenced and the sequences were compared with references viruses from GeneBank.

RESULTSEight strains of measles viruses were isolated from throat swabs of patients who came from seven districts and counties of Beijing. Sequence analysis of the 450 nucleotides of COOH-terminal of nucleoprotein (N) genes indicated that these 8 strains belonged to H1a genotype. The average genetic distances of these 8 strains to H1a genotype, Chin9322, H1b genotype, Chin9475 and H1c genotype, Chin9427, were 0.004 - 0.011, 0.026 - 0.031 and 0.015 - 0.022, respectively. The average genetic distances of these 8 strains to H1a genotype, Anhui 01 - 1/Anhui 02 - 2, were 0.000 - 0.009 (0 - 5 nucleotide variation).

CONCLUSIONSMajor genotypes of wild-type measles viruses circulated in Beijing in 2003 were H1a genotype. The genotypes H1c, H1b and H2 may have disappeared in Beijing.

Child ; China ; epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Genotype ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin M ; blood ; Measles ; epidemiology ; immunology ; virology ; Measles virus ; classification ; genetics ; immunology ; isolation & purification ; Nucleoproteins ; genetics ; RNA, Viral ; isolation & purification ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Viral Proteins ; genetics

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the efficacy of the interferon alpha-2b nasal spray in prevention of rubella and measles virus infections.

METHODSThe properly selected volunteer groups have been divided into interferon alpha-2b experimental and control group. The experimental group received interferon alpha-2b treatment by nasal spray for 2 days before the immunization, then both groups were challenged with rubella and measles attenuated live vaccine respectively through nasal spray. The sera from pre-immunization and 21 and 28 days after immunization were collected to test the IgG antibody titers. The influence on the viral antibody titer reflects the viral preventive effect by interferon alpha-2b.

RESULTSThe antibody titer difference of measles virus between experimental and control group was 1.26 (21 day) and 2.96 (28 day), there were statistically difference between them; the difference of rubella virus was 0.95 (21 day) and 0.37 (28 day), but there were no statistically differences found.

CONCLUSIONThe preliminary results showed that the interferon alpha-2b can be used as prevention method for measles and rubella viral infections.

Administration, Intranasal ; Adult ; Antibodies, Viral ; blood ; Antiviral Agents ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Female ; Humans ; Interferon-alpha ; administration & dosage ; therapeutic use ; Male ; Measles ; immunology ; prevention & control ; virology ; Measles Vaccine ; immunology ; therapeutic use ; Measles virus ; drug effects ; immunology ; Recombinant Proteins ; Rubella ; immunology ; prevention & control ; virology ; Rubella Vaccine ; immunology ; therapeutic use ; Rubella virus ; drug effects ; immunology ; Treatment Outcome ; Vaccination ; methods ; Vaccines, Attenuated ; immunology ; therapeutic use ; Young Adult

PURPOSE: Acquisition of varicella by the neonate as a result of congenital varicella-zoster infection or exposure during delivery is well known. And it generaly believed that infants under 6 months of age may acquire varicella more frequently than other viral infections such as measles. However, little if known about immune mechanism of varicella-zoster infection. Transfer maternal antibodies to this virus through the placenta and their persistence in the newborn sera has not yet been studied in healthy mother and children. METHODS: We estimated VZV antibody titer in 62pairs of maternal and cord blood by IAHA, FAMA and ELISA methods. The purpose of study was to evaluate sensitivity of methods and determine the level of VZV antibody in neonates. The results were as follows. RESULTS: 1) The titration of antibody of VZV was performed by IAHA, FAMA and ELISA mothods. There is no different significance by each methods and linear correlation among IAHA, FAMA and ELISA mothod is significant. 2) The VZV antibody titer of neonates is no significant according to sex and birth weight. 3) By the FAMA method, the VZV antibody titer of fullterm neonates is significantly higher than preterm. 4) The titer of VZV antibody is elevated to increse with gestational age, but there is no significant difference. 5) The mean ratio of cord/maternal sera level of VZV antibody titer is no significance according to gestational age. CONCLUSIONS: Further epidemiologic study of VZV infection showed be investigated in Korea.
Antibodies ; Birth Weight ; Chickenpox ; Child ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Epidemiologic Studies ; Fetal Blood ; Gestational Age* ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn* ; Korea ; Measles ; Mothers ; Placenta

OBJECTIVETo study the safety and immunogenicity of the measles-mumps-rubella combined vaccine (MMR) produced by Beijing Biological Product Institute.

METHODSChildren aged 10-12 years, 2-2.5 years and 8-12 months were selected to be vaccinated with Beijing MMR vaccine (test vaccine). Other groups of children with similar nature were vaccinated with measles vaccine, mumps vaccine and rubella vaccine while using imported MMR vaccine (control vaccine) as controls.

RESULTSThe safety of the Beijing MMR vaccine was confirmed after vaccinating 32 children above 2 years old. Among 104 children of 8-12 months were vaccinated with Beijing MMR vaccine, only 6.7% of the children had transient fever and 1.9% had signs of rashes but with no other signs observed. The positive seroconversion rates of measles, rubella and mumps anti-HI were 100%, 100% and 85.7% respectively. GMT also showed high lever.

CONCLUSIONThe MMR vaccine (Beijing) had good safety and immunogenicity which might be used to be the bases enhance immunization of measles.

Antibodies, Viral ; blood ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Freeze Drying ; Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests ; Humans ; Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine ; adverse effects ; immunology ; Vaccines, Attenuated ; adverse effects ; immunology

This study reported the first imported measles case associated with genotype D4 measles virus in Shanxi province in China. The clinical specimen of throat swab was inoculated into Vero/SLAM culture to isolate the virus. A RT-PCR (Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, RT-PCR) was performed to amplify the 676 nucleotides sequence corresponding to the carboxyl terminus of measles virus nucleoprotein. The phylogenetic tree based on the 450 nucleotide acids of carboxyl terminus of N protein was constructed and the homology similarity was analyzed. The Shanxi isolate MVi/Shanxi. CHN/20. 09/1 was clustered within the same genotype group with WHO genotype D4 reference strain, Montreal. CAN/89, and the homology of nucleotide acid between Shanxi isolate and WHO genotype D4 reference strain was 97.3%. The homology of nucleotide acid and amino acid between Shanxi isolate and 2009 genotype D4 representative strain circulating in USA, Canada, India and Russian were 98.0%-100% and 97.3%-100%, respectively. These results showed that the virus isolated from the imported measles case was genotype D4. This is the first report that the genotype D4 measles virus was imported and isolated in China. It is important to accumulate baseline data of China and help to measure transmission pathways and to clarify epidemiological links.
Animals ; Antibodies, Viral ; blood ; immunology ; Cercopithecus aethiops ; China ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; France ; ethnology ; Genotype ; Humans ; Immunoglobulin M ; blood ; immunology ; Male ; Measles ; blood ; diagnosis ; virology ; Measles virus ; classification ; genetics ; immunology ; Phylogeny ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Vero Cells ; Young Adult