52 types of os temporale had been studied to determine antrum walls on the outside size, from face aditus to ampullae lateral semicircular canals size, antrum ceilling size, from antrum below walls to sigmoid sinus size; antrum radius:on- below, in-out of and before-behind. The understanding of anatomy detail of antrum and its interrelationship will help to avoid the misfortune surgery
Anatomy ; Mastoid

OBJECTIVE: Through the observation and the measurements of the significant anatomical landmark the lateral skull base, to provide anatomical data of clinical location and navigation for surgery at the lateral skull base. METHOD: Significant anatomical landmarks of twenty adult cadaveric heads (40 sides) fixed in 10% formaldehyde and 20 operation cases (20 sides) had been observed and measured. Lateral skull bases of cadaveric heads were numbered from 1st to 40th, while the operation cases were numbered from 1st to 20th. RESULT: The anatomical data was achieved by measuring related anatomical landmark as follows: the distances between the significant landmark of the lateral skull base and the pars neuraxis, vein of the jugular foramen; the areas of trautmann triangle; post labyrinths triangle and the superficial triangle of processus mastoideus; the maximal distance of initiative displacement of facial nerve in the lateral skull base operations. CONCLUSION The data measured at lateral skull base could effectively help operators not only to enlarge the field of vision in operations with security and to avoid the damagement of the important blood vessel and nerves, but also to retain the function of the facial nerve to the utmost.
Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mastoid ; anatomy & histology ; Skull Base ; anatomy & histology ; Temporal Bone ; anatomy & histology

Presbycusis is defined as the natural hearing loss accompanying aging, caused by degenerative changes in the inner ear. The etiology of presbycusis is uncertain. However, it would appear that a complex genetic cause is most likely. The determinants of mastoid size continue to be controversial. One of the pneumatization theories is the hereditary theory. In this study, the possible relationship between presbycusis and the extent of mastoid pneumatization was investigated. This study was carried out on 21 patients with presbycusis and 21 normal subjects of similar ages. The pneumatized volume was measured by computerized tomography. The temporal bone was scanned at 2 mm thickness intervals. Exposure (kV 130, mA105). The scan plane was parallel to the orbitomeatal line and the CT images covered the entire mastoid region. The average mastoid pneumatization in presbycusis group was 6.08 +/- 2.52 cm3 in the right ear and 6.19 +/- 2.93 cm3 in the left ear. However, in the control group it was 4.69 +/- 3.17 cm3 in the right ear (p=0.12) and 5.10 +/- 3.49 cm3 in the left ear (p=0.28). No significant difference was found between the presbycusis patients and normal subjects in terms of the volume of mastoid pneumatization.
Aged ; Hearing Tests ; Human ; Mastoid/*anatomy & histology/radiography ; Middle Aged ; Presbycusis/*etiology/genetics/radiography ; Temporal Bone/anatomy & histology/radiography

OBJECTIVE: To study the location of facial nerve and prevent facial nerve injury in middle ear surgery according to dissection of temporal bone and experience of middle ear surgery. METHOD: Thirty sides of temporal bones were exposed tympanic and mastoid segment of facial nerve with facial nerve decompression. The course of facial nerve was located by the markers of middle ear. RESULT: Tympanic segment of facial nerve passed between horizontal semicircular canal and stapes,then superior and anterior to the cochleariform process. Mastoid segment of facial nerve located in posterior wall of tympanic cavity. The mastoid segment of facial nerve travelled below the level of horizontal semicircular canal and annulus membrane tympani, and the extension line of its posterior margin and posterior-one-third of horizontal semicircular canal intersected to form an included angle (117.04 +/- 2.42) degrees. External genu of facial nerve located anterior and inferior to the horizontal semicircular canal. The shortest distance was (1.97 +/- 0.53) mm between middle point of horizontal semicircular canal and facial nerve, (1.03 +/- 0.29) mm between incus short process and facial nerve, (0.93 +/- 0.25) mm between cochleariform process and facial nerve, (1.18 +/- 0.42) mm between head of stapes and facial nerve, (3.08 +/- 0.28) mm between tympani sulcus and facial nerve at the vestibule window level, and (2.13 +/- 0.34) mm between tympani sulcus and facial nerve at round window level, respectively. CONCLUSION Horizontal semicircular canal carina, incus short process, stapes, annulus membrane tympani and cochleariform process are ideal landmarks of tympanic and mastoid segment of facial nerve, which are helpful in middle ear surgery.
Ear, Middle ; surgery ; Facial Nerve ; surgery ; Facial Paralysis ; prevention & control ; Female ; Humans ; Intraoperative Complications ; prevention & control ; Male ; Mastoid ; anatomy & histology ; surgery ; Microsurgery ; methods