INTRODUCTION: Oncoplastic breast-conserving surgery (OBCS) can cause breast asymmetry. Although contralateral breast surgery to achieve symmetry was offered to these patients, the uptake of symmetrisation was variable. We aimed to determine the factors that deter patients with breast cancer undergoing OBCS from opting for symmetrisation. METHODS: All patients with breast cancer who underwent OBCS of displacement type with no symmetrisation were prospectively surveyed to explore the social, economic, psychological and physical reasons against symmetrisation. RESULTS: A total of 28 patients participated in a survey administered at a mean 21.6 (range 2-47) months after OBCS. A combination of factors, such as worry and desire to treat breast cancer first (67.9%), not being overly concerned about breast cosmesis (57.1%) and fear of pain from additional operation (28.6%), deterred patients from immediate symmetrisation. Worry and desire to treat breast cancer first was the most important single factor for 50% of the patients. Reasons for no delayed symmetrisation included not being overly concerned about breast cosmesis (70.4%), fear of breast cancer recurrence (48.1%) and being happy with current breast cosmesis (33.3%), with the former two reasons equally cited as the single most important deterrent by 30% of patients each. CONCLUSION A combination of factors may deter patients from symmetrisation. The most significant factors deterring OBCS among patients were worry and desire to treat breast cancer first for immediate symmetrisation, and not being overly concerned about breast cosmesis and fear of breast cancer recurrence for delayed symmetrisation. Reassuring these patients may increase their uptake of symmetrisation, thereby improving patient cosmesis and satisfaction.
Breast Neoplasms/surgery* ; Female ; Humans ; Mammaplasty/methods* ; Mastectomy/methods* ; Mastectomy, Segmental/methods* ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/surgery*

OBJECTIVES: Breast conserving surgery (BCS) for early breast cancer is now an accepted treatment, but there are controversies about its comparability with mastectomy. Thus, we investigated the survival outcomes who underwent BCS and modified radical mastectomy (MRM). METHODS: In this retrospective review, we analyzed the survival outcomes of 618 patients with early breast cancer who underwent two different surgery from January 2002 to December 2009. Postoperative pathologic difference, disease free survival period, overall survival period, recurrence pattern, recurrent rate and site were compared. In addition, preoperative patients data are also collected. RESULTS: Disease free survival period of MRM and BCS was 108.46 months and 80.82 months, respectively (P < 0.01). However, there was no significant correlation between overall survival period and operative methods (P = 0.67). In addition, recurrence pattern (P = 0.21), recurrent rate (P = 0.36) and site (P = 0.45, P = 0.09) were not associated with operative method. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we can suggest that early breast cancer patients could improve their disease free survival if they underwent MRM. So, when we operate high risk breast cancer patients, MRM could be considered for their disease free life. Further studies may be required to establish appropriate strategy of surgery for early breast cancer.
Breast Neoplasms* ; Breast* ; Disease-Free Survival ; Humans ; Mastectomy ; Mastectomy, Modified Radical* ; Mastectomy, Segmental* ; Methods ; Recurrence ; Retrospective Studies

OBJECTIVETo evaluate the feasibility of optimal surgery for breast cancer in elderly patients.

METHODSThe clinical data of 481 patients aged 70 years and above who were treated in our hospital from 1995 to 2009 were retrospectively analyzed.

RESULTSBased on their general conditions and clinical stages, 481 patients were divided into three groups to received different surgical procedures including modified radical mastectomy (MRM group, n=256), tumor extended resection (ER group, n=173), and simple mastectomy (SM group, n=52). The overall 5-and 10-year survival rates were 63.77%and 46.71%, respectively, and the 5-year (p=0.956) and 10-year (p=0.977) survival rates were not significantly among these three groups. However, patients in the ER group had significantly shorter hospital stay, smaller surgical wound, earlier recovery and less complications.

CONCLUSIONIt is feasible for female breast cancer patients over 70 years old choose the optimal surgical procedures according to their general conditions and clinical stages.

Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Breast Neoplasms ; surgery ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Mastectomy ; methods ; Mastectomy, Modified Radical ; Mastectomy, Simple ; Retrospective Studies

BACKGROUNDBreast conserving surgery (BCS) has been the standard surgical procedure for the treatment of early breast cancer. Endoscopic subcutaneous mastectomy (ESM) plus immediate reconstruction with implants is an emerging procedure. The objective of this prospective study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes of these two surgical procedures in our clinical setting.

METHODSFrom March 2004 to October 2007, 43 patients with breast cancer underwent ESM plus axillary lymph node dissection and immediate reconstruction with implants, while 54 patients underwent BCS. The clinical and pathological characteristics, surgical safety, and therapeutic effects were compared between the two groups.

RESULTSThere were no significant differences in the age, clinical stage, histopathologic type of tumor, operative blood loss, postoperative drainage time, and postoperative complications between the two groups (P > 0.05). The postoperative complications were partial necrosis of the nipple and superficial skin flap in the ESM patients, and hydrops in the axilla and residual cavity in the BCS patients. There was no significant difference in the rate of satisfactory postoperative cosmetic outcomes between the ESM (88.4%, 38/43) and BCS (92.6%, 50/54) patients (P > 0.05). During follow-up of 6 months to 4 years, all patients treated with ESM were disease-free, but 3 patients who underwent BCS had metastasis or recurrence -one of these patients died of multiple organ metastasis.

CONCLUSIONSAfter considering the wide indications for use, high surgical safety, and favorable cosmetic outcomes, we conclude that ESM plus axillary lymph node dissection and immediate reconstruction with implants - the new surgery of choice for breast cancer - warrants serious consideration as the prospective next standard surgical procedure.

Adult ; Breast Neoplasms ; surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Mastectomy, Segmental ; adverse effects ; methods ; Mastectomy, Subcutaneous ; adverse effects ; methods ; Middle Aged ; Prospective Studies ; Reconstructive Surgical Procedures ; adverse effects ; methods

OBJECTIVETo investigate the changes and development of surgical treatment for breast cancer from 1999 to 2008 in China, and compare the differences between the surgical methods used in high-resource and low-resource areas.

METHODSClinicopathological data of surgical treatment for female primary breast cancer was collected via medical chart review at hospitals in seven geographic areas in China. Chi-square test and chisqure test for linear trends were used to analyze the changes and development of the surgical methods used for breast cancer in the 10 years.

RESULTSA total of 4211 primary breast cancer patients were selected from the 10-year database, including 4078 women (97.5%) treated by surgical operation. Among 3271 women (80.21%) treated with modified radical mastectomy, the surgical rate was rising from 68.89% in 1999 to 80.17% in 2008, ascending by 11.28% (χ(2) = 31.143, P < 0.001). In high-resource areas, the surgical rate of modified radical mastectomy was rising from 45.64% in 1999 to 76.13% in 2008, ascending by 30.49% (χ(2) = 89.393, P < 0.001), while in low-resource areas it kept a steady rate at 80% in the ten years (χ(2) = 2.113,P = 0.146). Among 231 women (5.66%) treated with breast-conserving surgery, the surgical rate was rising from 1.29% in 1999 to 11.57% in 2008, ascending by 10.28% (χ(2) = 102.835, P < 0.001). In high-resource areas, the surgical rate of breast-conserving surgery was rising from 2.68% in 1999 to 16.87% in 2008, ascending by 14.19% (χ(2) = 69.544, P < 0.001), while in low-resource areas it was rising from 0.42% in 1999 to 6.22% in 2008, ascending by 5.80% (χ(2) = 30.003, P < 0.001). Among 469 women (11.50%) treated with Halsted radical mastectomy, the surgical rate was declining from 28.28% in 1999 to 4.96% in 2008, descending by 23.32% (χ(2) = 206.202, P < 0.001). In high-resource areas, the surgical rate of Halsted radical mastectomy was declining from 50.34% in 1999 to 3.29% in 2008, descending by 47.05% (χ(2) = 274.830, P < 0.001), while in low-resource areas it was declining from 14.58% in 1999 to 6.64% in 2008, descending by 7.94% (χ(2) = 8.166, P = 0.004). Among 3786 women treated with breast mastectomy (including modified radical mastectomy and Halsted radical mastectomy), the surgical rate was declining from 98.46% in 1999 to 86.36% in 2008, descending by 12.10% (χ(2) = 95.744, P < 0.001). In high-resource areas, the surgical rate of breast mastectomy was declining from 96.64% in 1999 to 80.66% in 2008, descending by 15.98% (χ(2) = 53.446, P < 0.001), while in low-resource areas it was declining from 99.58% in 1999 to 92.12% in 2008, descending by 7.46% (χ(2) = 36.758,P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONSThe main primary surgical treatment for breast cancer is modified radical mastectomy during the period 1999 - 2008. Halsted radical mastectomy is gradually replaced by modified radical mastectomy and breast-conserving surgery. The rate of changes for breast-conserving surgery and mastectomy is higher in high-resource areas than that in low-resource areas. Breast-conserving surgery will become the main treatment for early-stage breast cancer.

Breast Neoplasms ; economics ; pathology ; surgery ; Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast ; economics ; pathology ; surgery ; Chi-Square Distribution ; China ; Female ; Humans ; Mastectomy ; methods ; trends ; Mastectomy, Modified Radical ; Mastectomy, Radical ; Mastectomy, Segmental ; Neoplasm Staging ; Retrospective Studies ; Socioeconomic Factors

Objective: To examine the outcome of different incision selection for nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) with implant-based breast reconstruction (IBBR). Methods: Ninety-Two cases accepted NSM and IBBR from totally 1 002 cases of breast cancer admitted to Beijing Tongren Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from June 2013 to December 2020 were analyzed retrospectively. All the patients were female, aging (42.0±7.5) years (range: 27 to 64 years). There were 12 patients at stage 0, 47 patients at stage Ⅰ, 17 patients at stage Ⅱ, and 16 patients at stage Ⅲ. The patients were divided in three groups by the incision: peri-areolar group (n=23), inframammary group (n=33) and lateral group (n=36). The age, tumor size, lymph node status, hormone receptor, operation method and postoperative complications were followed-up of three groups and compared by one-way ANOVA, χ² test or Fisher's exact test and expansion to comparied. Results: There was no significant difference in operation time ((180.7±54.0) minutes vs. (176.9±48.1) minutes vs. (194.6±37.5) minutes, F=1.401, P=0.252), postoperative drainage volume ((497.5±226.0) ml vs. (495.4±182.5) ml vs. (519.8±172.0) ml, F=0.167, P=0.846) and drainage time ((8.8±3.8) days vs. (8.0±2.5) days vs. (8.3±2.9) days, F=0.542, P=0.583) among the peri-areolar, inframammary, and lateral groups. The cumulative postoperative complications were relatively higher in the peri-areola group (26.1%(6/23) vs. 0 vs.8.3%(3/36), χ²=9.675, P=0.004). All female patients were followed up for (49.0±25.6) months(range: 12 to 112 months). Breast cancer related death rate was 2.2% (2/92), local recurrence was 1.1% (1/92), regional recurrence was 4.3% (4/92), distant metastasis was 6.5% (6/92), and the disease-free survival rate was 88.0% (81/92). Conclusion: The surgical effects of the peri-areolar, inframammary and lateral incisions for NSM and IBBR are approximate, the total complication rate of the peri-areolar incision is slightly higher.
Breast Neoplasms/pathology* ; Female ; Humans ; Mammaplasty/methods* ; Mastectomy/methods* ; Nipples/surgery* ; Retrospective Studies

Objective: To explore the surgical strategy of nipple areola complex (NAC) management in central breast cancer. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 164 cases of central breast cancer who underwent surgery treatment from December 2017 to December 2020 in the Breast Center of Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University. Prior to the surgery, the tumor-nipple distance (TND) and the maximum diameter of the tumor were measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The presence of nipple invagination, nipple discharge, and nipple ulceration (including nipple Paget's disease) were recorded accordingly. NAC was preserved in patients with TND≥0.5 cm, no signs of NAC invasion (nipple invagination, nipple ulceration) and negative intraoperative frozen pathological margin. All patients with signs of NAC involvement, TND<0.5 cm or positive NAC basal resection margin confirmed by intraoperative frozen pathology underwent NAC removal. χ(2) test or Fisher exact test was used to analyze the influencing factors. Results: Of the 164 cases of central breast cancer, 73 cases underwent breast-conserving surgery, 43 cases underwent nipple-areola complex sparing mastectomy (NSM), 34 cases underwent total mastectomy, and the remaining 14 cases underwent skin sparing mastectomy (SSM). Among the 58 cases of NAC resection (including 34 cases of total mastectomy, 14 cases of SSM, and 10 cases of breast-conserving surgery), 25 cases were confirmed tumor involving NAC (total mastectomy in 12 cases, SSM in 9 cases, and breast-conserving surgery in 4 cases). The related factors of NAC involvement included TND (P=0.040) and nipple invagination (P=0.031). There were no correlations between tumor size (P=0.519), lymph node metastasis (P=0.847), bloody nipple discharge (P=0.742) and NAC involvement. During the follow-up period of 12 to 48 months, there was 1 case of local recurrence and 3 cases of distant metastasis. Conclusions: For central breast cancer, data suggest that patients with TND≥0.5cm, no signs of NAC invasion (nipple invagination, nipple ulceration) and negative NAC margin in intraoperative frozen pathology should be treated with NAC preservation surgery, whereas for those with TND<0.5 cm or accompanied by signs of NAC invasion, NAC should be removed. In addition, nipple reconstruction can be selected to further improve the postoperative appearance of patients with central breast cancer.
Breast Neoplasms/surgery* ; Female ; Humans ; Mammaplasty/methods* ; Mastectomy/methods* ; Nipples/surgery* ; Retrospective Studies

BACKGROUNDThe endoscopic surgery for inner-side cancer of the breast is usually performed by periareolar approach, but it often makes deformation or malposition of nipple and areola. The trans-axillary approach is favorable without making any injuries on breast skin. Furthermore, we devised a new approach of retro-mammary route without subcutaneous exfoliation, from axillary skin incision, to preserve skin touch sensation.

METHODSWe have performed video-assisted breast surgery (VABS) on 200 patients since December 2001. The newly devised trans-axillary retromammary-route approach (TARM) was performed on 12 patients of early breast cancer. After endoscopic sentinel lymph node biopsy, we lengthened the axillary skin incision to 2.5 cm, and dissected retromammary tissue from superficial pectoral fascia onto major pectoral muscle below the tumor. The working space was made by lifting traction sutures through the gland. We cut the gland vertically at free margin 2 cm apart from the tumor edge, and dissect skin flap over the tumor. The breast reconstruction was done by filling absorbable fiber cotton.

RESULTSTraction sutures made it easier to cut the mammary gland vertically. We did not experience any skin damages like burn. All surgical margins were negative. The operation time was needed longer but the blood loss was not different. The postoperative esthetic results were good. The sensory disturbance was minimal. All patients were satisfied with this operation.

CONCLUSIONThis newly devised TARM approach need no injury on whole breast, and can become a single standard method for breast conserving surgery wherever the cancer situated.

Adult ; Breast Neoplasms ; surgery ; Endoscopy ; methods ; Female ; Humans ; Mastectomy, Segmental ; methods ; Middle Aged ; Video-Assisted Surgery ; methods

Adult ; Breast Neoplasms ; diagnosis ; surgery ; Calcinosis ; diagnosis ; diagnostic imaging ; Female ; Humans ; Mammography ; methods ; Mastectomy, Segmental

The Goldilocks technique for breast reconstruction utilizes redundant mastectomy flap tissue to construct a breast mound. This technique is suitable for women who decline, or are poor candidates for, traditional postmastectomy reconstruction. Moreover, this technique can be applied in secondary operations after the failure of initial reconstruction efforts. A 74-year-old patient underwent the Goldilocks procedure after reconstruction failure with an implant and acellular dermal matrix. At her 6-month follow-up, the cosmetic outcome of the procedure was satisfactory, and no complications were noted. Therefore, the Goldilocks procedure is a safe alternative to reconstruct breast mounds following reconstruction failure, especially in obese patients.
Acellular Dermis ; Aged ; Breast Implants ; Breast ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Mammaplasty ; Mastectomy ; Methods ; Seroma