After the intraperitoneal injections of alloxan, carbon tetrachloride, cortisone acetate, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, morphine hydrochloride, toluidin blue, physiological saline solution, distilled water, and direct stimulation with electronic current, the peritoneal mast cells of the rat were observed in order to document and study the cytomorphic changes. Adult Sprague-Dawley strain albion rats were used. The substances tested were dissolved in physiological saline solution and injected into the abdominal cavity. Three to twenty four hours later the rats were sacrificed and the morphological changes of the peritoneal mast cells were observed by means of phase contrast microscopy and ordinary light microscopy. Cytomorphic effects of alloxan on the mast cells were comparatively marked and those effects of CC14, cortisone, ACTH, morphine-HCI, and physiological saline solution were slight and similar to each other. But the distructive effects of toluidin blue, distilled water, and electronic stimulation on the mast cells were severe and noticeable in this study. These results indicate that the intraperitmeal mast cells of rats show more sensitive reactions to a metabolic poisn alloxan, a low osmotic pressured-material distilled water, and a histamine liberator toluidin blue, and a physical stimulus electronic stimulation than the other similar chemical agents.
Animal ; Electric Stimulation* ; Hormones/pharmacology* ; Mast Cells/cytology* ; Mast Cells/drug effects* ; Rats

Histological studies were carried out on the degranulation of mesenteric mast cells of albino rats in which excised pieces of rat mesentery were incubated in media containing morphine and meperidine hydrochloride. The following conclusions were obtained. 1. The experimental dose of 0.04mg./ml. of morphine hydrochloride in Tyrode solution for the incubated mesenteric pieces brought about the degranulation of mast cells. 2. The experimental dose of 0.04mg./ml. of meperidine hydrochloride in Tyrode solution for the incubation of the mesenteric pieces did not effect the cytological changes of the mast cells. 3. By the addition of metabolic inhibitor such as iodoacetic acid to the incubating medium the degranulation of the mast cells was remarkably inhibited for the group in which the incubation was carried out for 20 minutes. However, the inhibition of the degranulation of the mast cells due to the metabolic inhibitor was abolished after 30 minutes of incubation. Consequently the authors have demonstrated the effect of morphine hydrochloride in its ability to induce a degranulation of mesenteric mast cells in vitro.
Animal ; In Vitro ; Male ; Mast Cells/cytology ; Mast Cells/drug effects* ; Meperidine/pharmacology* ; Mesentery/cytology ; Mesentery/drug effects* ; Morphine/pharmacology* ; Rabbits

Morphological effects of degranulation upon me-senteric mast cells of albino rats (SPrague-Dawley strain) by means of lipid administration were studied. An evident degranulation of metachromatic granules from mesenteric tissue mast cells was observed in more than half of experimental rats which were intraperitoneally given 10cc of stearic monoglyceride suspension in warm Tyrode solution (5Omg. of stearic monoglyceride in 10cc of Tyrode solution). A fairly light degranulation of metachro-matic granules from mesenteric mast cells was also displayed by the rats fed ad libitum with butter for 6 hours after being deprived of food for 24 hours.
Animals ; Cytoplasmic Granules/*drug effects ; Lipids/*pharmacology ; Mast Cells/*drug effects ; Mesentery/cytology ; Rats

Proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) expression has been observed on numerous cell types. However, little is known about the functional expression of PAR-2 in human mast cells. In the current study, the actions of a PAR-2 agonist trans-cinnamoyl-Leu-Ile-Gly-Arg-Leu-Orn-amide (tc-LIGRLO) on tryptase release from dispersed human colonic mast cells were examined. The results showed that tc-LIGRLO was able to induce a fold increase in tryptase release over the basal level following a 15 min incubation of colonic mast cells, whereas tc-OLRGIL did not have any effect on tryptase release. The potency of tc-LIGRLO appeared greater than that of anti-IgE and calcium ionophore A23187 (CI) in induction of tryptase release. Extending the incubation time to 30 min had no significant effect on the actions of tc-LIGRLO or anti-IgE. In the time course study, it was observed that the tryptase release from mast cells induced by tc-LIGRLO started at 1 min and peaked at 3 min following incubation. The above-mentioned results indicate that tc-LIGRLO is a potent stimulus of tryptase release from human mast cells, which strongly suggests that PAR-2s are expressed in human mast cells.
Cells, Cultured ; Humans ; Mast Cells ; drug effects ; metabolism ; Receptor, PAR-2 ; agonists ; Tryptases ; metabolism

Histological studies were carried out on the degranulation of mesenteric mast cells of white rats caused by injections of morphine hydrochbride and meperidine hydrochbride intravenously, intraperitoneally, and by local injection of the rat's mesentery and the following conclusions were obtained. 1. In the groups of intravenous, intraperitoneal, and local injections of morphine hydrochloride, fairly significant degranulation of the mesenteric mast cell was observed, which was probably associated with the concomitant liberation of tissue histamine derived from its source. 2. In the groups of intravenous and intraperitoneal injections of meperidine hydrochbride, the significant degranulation of the mesenteric mast ,cell was recognized. However, the local injections displayed no cytological change of the cell and no increased permeability of dermal capillaries was observed at the injecting site. 3. The degranulation of the mesenteric mast cell followed by an administration of meperidine hydrochloride was effectively inhibited after an adrenalectomy.
Animals ; Female ; Male ; Mast Cells/*drug effects ; Meperidine/*adverse effects ; Mesentery/drug effects/*pathology ; Morphine/*adverse effects ; Rats

Water extract of dried ginseng, which is known as a histamine liberator and induces degranulation and disruption of mesenteric mast cells, is thought to contain many different chemical factors. The essential component, a saponin extract of dried ginseng, was obtained and administered to albino rats. Even minute amounts (l mg in 0.0l cc of normal saline solution) when locally injected into the mesentery of albino rats caused degranulation of mesenteric mast cells. Degranulation of mesenteric mast cells followed the intraperitoneal injection of a crude water extract, of an alcohol extract of dried ginseng, and a direct injection of both extracts into the connective tissue of mesentery. This degranulation is believed to be a saponin fraction of ginseng in the ginseng extracts.
Animals ; Mast Cells/*drug effects ; *Panax ; *Plants, Medicinal ; Rats ; Saponins/*pharmacology

Degranulation of the mast cell has been reported by the injection of histamine liberators and other chemical agents. Chlorpheniramine maleate (1.2mg./kg. and 0.3mg./kg. comprising 1/74and 1/290 of LD50 respectively), which is an antihistamine agent, in physiological saline solution for intravenous injection and in Tyrode solution for intraperitoneal injection were given in single dose. The mesenteric mast cells stained in Pugh solution, as applied by Lee (1968), were counted according to the classification of An (1964) in 4 types; the typical normal mast cell, the Grade I type of mast cell, the Grade II type of mast cell and the Grade III type of mast cell. In the experimental rats given 1.2mg./kg. of chlorpheniramine intravenously, more mesenteric mast cells were s1ightly degranulated than those cells of the rats given 0.3mg./kg. of chlorpheniramine and the control rats. In the experimental rats given 1.2mg./kg. and 0.3 mg./kg. of chlorpheniramine intraperitoneally, more mesenteric mast cells were slightly degranulated than those cells of the control rats. However, in this intraperitoneal study the degree, or severity, of degranulation of the mesenteric mast cell was not in direct proportion to the dosage of this antihistamine. Consequently it is deduced that the experimental dosage of the antihistamine chlorpheniramine maleate, applied 1/74 and l/290 of LD50, caused an evient degranulation of mesenteric mast cells of the albino rats associated with probable histamine liberation.
Animal ; Chlorpheniramine/pharmacology ; Cytoplasmic Granules* ; Female ; Histamine H1 Antagonists/pharmacology* ; Male ; Mast Cells/drug effects* ; Rats

Histological studies were carried out on the degranulation of mesenteric mast cells of white rats caused by injections of morphine and nalorphine hydrochloride intravenously and the following conclusions were obtained. 1. By the injection of morphine hydrochloride fairly significant degranulation of the mesenteric mast cell was observed. 2. In various experimental doses of morphine hydrochloride the cytological change of the degranulation was not proportional to the doses of it in cases given more than 12mg./kg. of body weight. 3. The degranulating effect of the mesenteric mast cell by the injection of morphine hydrochloride was significantly inhibited by an adrenalectomy.
Adrenalectomy ; Animal ; Male ; Mast Cells/drug effects* ; Mesentery/drug effects* ; Morphine/antagonists & inhibitors ; Morphine/pharmacology* ; Nalorphine/pharmacology ; Rats

The effects of morphine HCI on the rat mesenteric mast cells were studied with the electron microscopy. The materials were prepared for electron microscopy by osmium tetroxide fixation and embedding in Epon. The rat mesenteric mast cells showed no distinct morphological changes due to morphine HCl, but the mast cell granlues were changed in various ways. For instance, they formed dusters, showed granular lysis, and an appearance of electron transparency. Frequently, some granules appeared in the extracellular space and the boundary of the granules was not evident. From the results mentioned above, it was suggested that rat mesenteric mast cell granules were affected by morphine HCl in the shape, the granular matrix, and the granular boundaries.
Animal ; Cell Nucleus/ultrastructure ; Cytoplasm/ultrastructure ; Cytoplasmic Granules/drug effects ; Cytoplasmic Granules/ultrastructure ; Golgi Apparatus/ultrastructure ; Male ; Mast Cells/drug effects ; Mast Cells/ultrastructure* ; Mesentery/drug effects ; Mesentery/ultrastructure* ; Microscopy, Electron ; Mitochondria, Muscle/ultrastructure ; Morphine/pharmacology* ; Rats

AIMTo examine the ability of calcium ionophore (CI) to induce tryptase and histamine release from human mast cells and its mechanisms.

METHODSEnzymatically dispersed cells from human colons were challenged with CI, and the cell supernatants after challenge were collected. Tryptase release was determined with a sandwich ELISA procedure and histamine release was measured using a glass fibre-based fluorometric assay.

RESULTSCI was able to induce a concentration dependent release of histamine and tryptase from human colon mast cells following 15 min incubation. The maximum of induced histamine and tryptase release were approximately 5.3 and 2.8 fold more than the levels of spontaneous release, respectively. CI at the concentrations higher than 1.0 micromol/L was able to induce significantly more histamine than tryptase release from mast cells. The time course revealed that the action of CI on mast cells started from 10 s, peaked at 6 min and lasted at least 15 min following incubation. Pertussis toxin and metabolic inhibitors were able to inhibit mast cell response to CI.

CONCLUSIONHuman colon mast cells were able to release tryptase and histamine in response to CI. The process seemed to be associated with the activation of a G-protein coupled receptor on the membrane of mast cells and requires cell energy supply.

Calcium Ionophores ; pharmacology ; Cells, Cultured ; Colon ; cytology ; Histamine ; metabolism ; Humans ; Mast Cells ; drug effects ; metabolism ; secretion ; Tryptases ; metabolism