HIV Infections ; epidemiology ; prevention & control ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; organization & administration ; Morbidity ; trends ; Singapore ; epidemiology

Child ; Female ; Forecasting ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Metabolic Diseases ; diagnosis ; etiology ; Pediatrics ; trends ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Diagnosis

The electronic stethoscope combined with artificial intelligence (AI) technology has realized the digital acquisition of heart sounds and intelligent identification of congenital heart disease, which provides objective basis for heart sound auscultation and improves the accuracy of congenital heart disease diagnosis. At the present stage, the AI based cardiac auscultation technique mainly focuses on the research of AI algorithms, and the researchers have designed and summarized a variety of effective algorithms based on the characteristics of cardiac audio data, among which the mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC) is the most effective one, and widely used in the cardiac auscultation. However, the current cardiac sound analysis techniques are based on specific data sets, and have not been validated in clinic, so the performance of algorithms need to be further verified. The lack of heart sound data, especially the high-quality, standardized, publicly available heart sound database with disease labeling, further restricts the development of heart sound diagnostic analysis and its application in screening. Therefore, expert consensus is necessary in establishing an authoritative heart sound database and standardizing the heart sound auscultation screening process for congenital heart disease. This paper provides an overview of the research and application status of auscultation algorithm and hardware equipment based on AI in auscultation screening of congenital heart disease, and puts forward the problems to be solved in clinical application of AI auscultation screening technology.
Algorithms ; Artificial Intelligence ; Heart Auscultation/trends* ; Heart Defects, Congenital/diagnosis* ; Humans ; Mass Screening/methods*

Fecal immunochemical tests for hemoglobin (FIT) are changing the manner in which colorectal cancer (CRC) is screened. Although these tests are being performed worldwide, why is this test different from its predecessors? What evidence supports its adoption? How can this evidence best be used? This review addresses these questions and provides an understanding of FIT theory and practices to expedite international efforts to implement the use of FIT in CRC screening.
Colorectal Neoplasms/*diagnosis ; Early Detection of Cancer/methods/trends ; Feces/*chemistry ; Forecasting ; Global Health ; Hemoglobins/*analysis ; Humans ; Immunochemistry ; Mass Screening/methods/trends ; Occult Blood ; Sensitivity and Specificity

Twenty-one century is a digital era, an informative era. With the rapid progress of molecular biology, clinical pharmacology, radiotherapy, sciences of material and sciences of human being culture, advance changes with each passing day in gynecological oncology. Prevention and screening of gynecological oncology should be paid more attention to. Decision making should be considered by evidence-based medicine. Diagnosis and treatment of gynecological oncology will be standardized and humanized. New methods and techniques will be used more and more. Communications between the patients and gynecological oncologiests should play an important role in the improvement of gynecological oncology in the new era.
Adult ; Aged ; Decision Making ; Evidence-Based Medicine ; Female ; Genital Neoplasms, Female ; diagnosis ; prevention & control ; therapy ; Gynecology ; trends ; Humans ; Mass Screening ; Medical Oncology ; trends ; Middle Aged

OBJECTIVETo understand the current status on prevalence of overweight and obesity in Chinese middle-aged population, and to quantify the magnitude of the trends of development in the past two decades.

METHODSBody mass index (BMI) was measured on 15 389 middle-aged men and women from 15 natural populations all over China with different geographical, economical (urban/rural) and occupational status. Overweight was defined as BMI >/= 25 while obesity as BMI >/= 30.

RESULTS1) The rates of prevalence on overweight and obesity varied dramatically between populations. 2) In general, the prevalence rates were higher in the northern areas, in urban areas, and in women. 3) The current problem of obesity was related to 'pre-obese' stage, with less than 10% in most populations. 4) The prevalence of overweight and obesity started to show significantly increase from early 80's to early 90's but more prominant in the late 90's.

CONCLUSIONPrevention and intervention of overweight and obesity are in urgent need in the Chinese populations, especially in those economically fast developing areas.

Adult ; Body Height ; Body Mass Index ; Body Weight ; China ; epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mass Screening ; statistics & numerical data ; trends ; Middle Aged ; Obesity ; epidemiology ; physiopathology ; Prevalence

OBJECTIVES: This study describes trends in the socioeconomic disparities in breast cancer screening among US women aged 40 or over, from 2000 to 2005. We assessed 1) the disparities in each socioeconomic dimension; 2) the changes in screening mammography rates over time according to income, education, and race; and 3) the sizes and trends of the disparities over time. METHODS: Using data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) from 2000 to 2005, we calculated the age-adjusted screening rate according to relative household income, education level, health insurance, and race. Odds ratios and the relative inequality index (RII) were also calculated, controlling for age. RESULTS: Women in their 40s and those with lower relative incomes were less likely to undergo screening mammography. The disparity based on relative income was greater than that based on education or race (the RII among low-income women across the survey years was 3.00 to 3.48). The overall participation rate and absolute differences among socioeconomic groups changed little or decreased slightly across the survey years. However, the degree of each socioeconomic disparity and the relative inequality among socioeconomic positions remained quite consistent. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that the trend of the disparity in breast cancer screening varied by socioeconomic dimension. ontinued differences in breast cancer screening rates related to income level should be considered in future efforts to decrease the disparities in breast cancer among socioeconomic groups. More focused interventions, as well as the monitoring of trends in cancer screening participation by income and education, are needed in different social settings.
Adult ; Age Factors ; Aged ; Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System ; Breast Neoplasms/*radiography ; Female ; *Healthcare Disparities ; Humans ; Mammography/*utilization ; Mass Screening/*trends ; Middle Aged ; *Social Class ; Socioeconomic Factors ; United States