PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to clarify the meaning and the nature of empowerment concept in some Iranian old people suffering from chronic diseases. METHODS: Concept analysis was undertaken according to the hybrid model, which consists of three phases: an initial theoretical phase, a fieldwork phase and a final analytical phase. After an extensive review of the literature in order to describe the characteristics and definition of the concept, a fieldwork phase followed in order to empirically elucidate the empowerment concept in the Iranian old people with chronic diseases. In the third phase, attributes of empowerment were extracted from the first and second phases. Purposive sampling was done for 13 participants consisted of 7 old people with chronic diseases, 3 family caregivers of elderly adult with chronic disease and 3 health care providers with experience of care with elderly patients with chronic disease. RESULTS: The review of literature in theoretical phase determined the attributes of the concept, including "active participation", "informed change", "knowledge to problem solve", "self-care responsibility", "presence of client competency", and "control of health or life". Fieldwork phase determined attributes such as "awareness promotion", "sense of control", "the development of personal abilities", "autonomy", and "coping". In the final analytical phase, the critical attributes of old people with chronic diseases were investigated. They included "social participation", "informed change", "awareness promotion to problem solve", "presence of client competency", and "control of health or life", "autonomy", "coping" and "the development of personal abilities". CONCLUSION: The concept analysis of empowerment showed some of the required conditions for the empowerment of older people with chronic diseases in nursing care, which have not been mentioned in the literature.
*Adaptation, Psychological ; Aged/*psychology ; Aging/*psychology ; Attitude to Health ; Chronic Disease/*psychology ; Female ; Humans ; Iran ; Male ; *Models, Psychological ; *Power (Psychology)

The authors regret that one of the coauthor's affiliation in this article was incorrectly printed.

PURPOSE: There is growing interest in synthesizing qualitative research. Stroke is a very common cause of disability often leaving stroke survivors dependent on their family. This study reports an interpretive review of research into subjective experience of families with stroke survivors based on the components of the Double ABCX Model including stressors, resources, perception, coping strategies, and adaptation of these families. METHODS: Metasynthesis was applied to review qualitative research looking at stroke family members' experiences and responses to having a stroke survivor as a family member. Electronic database from 1990 to 2013 were searched and 18 separate studies were identified. Each study was evaluated using methodological criteria to provide a context for interpretation of substantive findings. Principal findings were extracted and synthesized under the Double ABCX Model elements. RESULTS: Loss of independence and uncertainty (as stressors), struggling with new phase of life (as perception), refocusing time and energy on elements of recovery process (as coping strategy), combined resources including personal, internal and external family support (as resources), and striking a balance (as adaptation) were identified as main categories. Family members of stroke survivor respond cognitively and practically and attempt to keep a balance between survivor's and their own everyday lives. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the study are in conformity with the tenets of the Double ABCX Model. Family adaptation is a dynamic process and the present study findings provide rich information on proper assessment and intervention to the practitioners working with families of stroke survivors.
*Adaptation, Psychological ; Family/*psychology ; Humans ; *Models, Psychological ; Qualitative Research ; *Stress, Psychological ; Stroke/*psychology

PURPOSE: To adapt a questionnaire in the Persian language measuring working conditions and health problems among nursing personnel. A further aim was to test the validity and reliability of the questionnaire. METHODS: The adapted questionnaire was based on three well-established questionnaires. Physical working conditions items were from Nurse Early Exit Study. Psychosocial working conditions scales were included from Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire which contains two scales on general and mental health as well. The Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire was the origin of the musculoskeletal disorders questions. During the culture adaptation process, an expert panel method was used. To achieve equivalence between the sources and target version, some changes were made by the expert panel. Then the questionnaire was examined in the field for face validity and construct validity (n = 92) among Iranian nursing personnel from two hospitals. Construct validity was assessed using a priori hypothesized correlations of the outcomes with exposures. Finally the adaptation process was completed by reliability assessment using Cronbach's alpha and Intra-class Correlation Coefficient (ICC). RESULTS: The construct validity result was the correlation of the health outcome with the work-related exposure (physical rs = .71 and psychosocial rs = .66). In the reliability assessment, Cronbach's alpha and ICC were .60 and .70 respectively. CONCLUSION: The findings show that the adapted questionnaire has an acceptable conceptual structure and provides reliable information from the nursing profession. Consequently, the questionnaire is applicable to work situation studies among nurses and other health care workers.
Delivery of Health Care ; Mental Health ; Occupational Health ; Reproducibility of Results ; Weights and Measures ; Surveys and Questionnaires