1) Because some students cannot find target lesions with a microscope during the traditional histopathology class, they become anxious and frustrated. 2) Histopathology class, in which medical students learn with digital microscopic images on a computer display without a microscope, was supported by 75.8% of the students.3) Histopathology class with digital microscopic images should be adopted as a strategy to decrease the nervousness and frustration of medical students.

Background: New methods are needed to assist medical students with active learning during histopathology classes. The built–in digital cameras of cell phones and smart phones have recently been used to capture histopathological images during histopathology classes. We examined how the use of the cameras affected students’ attitudes to classwork.
Method: The students were encouraged to capture histopathological images with the digital cameras of cell phones and smart phones. We observed and recorded changes in their learning attitude.
Result: The students captured many histopathological images with their digital cameras. They discussed the pathology of the diseases with their instructors while viewing captured images on the phones’ screens. Some students sorted the image files and used them for self–study after class.
Conclusion: Active learning is encouraged by allowing medical students to record histopathological images with the built–in digital cameras of cell phones and smart phones during histopathology classes.

Effects of diets on hepatic aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)- DNA binding and AFB1-induced glutathione S- transferase placental (GST-P) form positive hepatic foci have been examined in young male Fischer rats. Animals were fed either AIN-76A or Purina Chow (PC) diet for 1 wk before AFB1- DNA binding studies in vivo and in vitro. Animals were injected i.p. with AFB1 (1 mg/kg body wt) and 3 days later were given either AIN-76A or PC diet with or without 0.1% phenobarbital (PB) in their drinking water. All animals were sacrificed 10 wks after AFB1 dosing for analysis of AFB1-induced GST-P positive hepatic foci by immunochemistry. Two h after i.p. injection of AFB1, hepatic AFB1-DNA binding in AIN-76A fed rats was twice as much as those in PC fed animals without affecting GSH levels. There was no significant effect of diet on either cytochrome P-450 content, GSH levels or microsomal cytochrome P-450 mediated AFB1-DNA binding to exogenous DNA. There was a 40% increase in cytosolic GSH S-transferase activity with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene as a substrate in PC fed animals compared to those given AIN- 76A diet. The number and area of AFB1-induced GST-P positive hepatic foci were twice and fivefold as much in AIN-76A fed compared to those in PC fed rats. The number of AFB1-induced GST-P positive foci was increased 5-10 fold in the presence of PB in both groups. In summary, the present data indicate that feeding of PC diet compared to AIN-76A diet inhibits the initiation phase whereas AIN-76A stimulates the promotion phase of AFB1 hepatocarcinogenesis in rats by inhibiting AFB1-DNA binding and increasing AFB1-induced hepatic foci respectively.
Aflatoxin B1/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Animals ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/metabolism ; DNA/*metabolism ; *Diet ; Glutathione Transferase/analysis/*metabolism ; Hepatocytes/drug effects/*enzymology ; Liver Neoplasms/*etiology ; Microsomes, Liver/enzymology ; Rats ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.